Lec 01 MAL Introduction

“Introduction” in
[ Microprocessor and
Assembly Language ]
Lecture-01
M. M. Yasin
[email protected]
[ Course Outline ]
1. Introduction
2. Evolution and Performance
3. Input/Output
4. Memory and Cache
5. Interconnection Structure (Bus Interface)
6. Central Processing Unit
• Arithmetic and Logic Unit
• Structure and Function
• Addressing and Address Decoding
7. Assembly Language
Fall 2022 - M. M. Yasin 1.2
Why Study Computer
Organization & Architecture
“Need to understand computer architecture in order to
structure a program more efficiently”
e.g., functional components, their characteristics, performance

and interactions.
e.g., Processor Architecture must cooperate with the operating

system and system software.

Computer Organization
“Hardware details not visible to the programmer”
“Computer organization refers to the operational units and
their interconnections that realize the architectural
specifications”
e.g., how to implement that multiply instruction in the Computer
Computer Architecture
“Refers to those Features/Attributes of a system visible to the
programmer”
“Those attributes that have an direct impact on a logical
execution of a instruction”
e.g., multiply instruction to be included or not in the Computer
The hierarchical nature of complex systems is essential to both their
design and their description.
Design
The designer is concerned with structure and function:
Function:
The operation of each individual component as part of the
structure.
Structure:
The way in which different components are inter-related.
Description
“How to describe millions of electronic components”
e.g., Top-Down or Bottom-Up approach
Function:
1.Data processing
Data processing involves designing the processor microarchitecture, which includes the
datapath and control unit. The datapath is responsible for performing arithmetic and
logical operations on data, while the control unit manages the flow of data and
instructions through the processor
2.Data Storage
Data storage involves designing the memory hierarchy, which includes the cache, main
memory, and secondary storage. The design of the memory hierarchy involves
specifying the organization and access methods for each level of memory, such as the
cache size, block size, associativity, and replacement policy.
3.Data Movement
Data movement involves designing the input/output system, which
includes the interfaces and protocols for input/output devices, as well as
the controller logic for managing data transfer between the devices and
the processor.
4.Control
Control involves designing the processor control unit, which manages the
flow of data and instructions through the processor 6
Data
Movement
Control
Data Data
Storage Processing
Function of a Typical Computer

Structure:
simple single-processor computer:
There are four main structural components
1.Central processing unit
Controls the operation of the computer and performs its data processing functions; often
simply referred to as processor. There are following component of CPU
Control unit: Controls the operation of the CPU and hence the computer.
Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU): Performs the computer’s data processing functions.
Registers: Provides storage internal to the CPU.
CPU interconnection: Some mechanism that provides for communication among the
control unit, ALU, and registers
2.Main Memory
Stores data
3.Input and Output
Moves data between the computer and its external environment
4.System Interconnection
Some mechanism that provides for communication among CPU, main memory, and I/O. A
common example of system interconnection is by means of a system bus, consisting of a
number of conducting wires to which all the other components attach. 8
9
Multicore computer structure
When processors all reside on a single chip, the term multicore
computer is used, and each processing unit is called a core.
1.Central processing unit(CPU)
That portion of a computer that fetches and executes instructions. It
consists of an ALU, a control unit, and registers. In a system with a
single processing unit, it is often simply referred to as a processor.
2.Core
An individual processing unit on a processor chip. A core may be equivalent in
functionality to a CPU on a single-CPU system. Other specialized processing units,
such as one optimized for vector and matrix operations, are also referred to as
cores
3.Processor
A physical piece of silicon containing one or more cores. The processor is the
computer component that interprets and executes instructions. If a processor
contains multiple cores, it is referred to as a multicore processor.
10
11
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Arithmetic
Logic Unit
I/O
Memory
Devices
Control
Unit
Structure of a Typical Computer
Fall 2022 - M. M. Yasin 1.12

Fall 2022 - M. M. Yasin 13
Fall 2022 - M. M. Yasin 14

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“Introduction” in

e.g., functional components, their characteristics, performance

e.g., Processor Architecture must cooperate with the operating

Fall 2022 - M. M. Yasin 1.3

Function of a Typical Computer

Fall 2022 - M. M. Yasin 1.7

Structure of a Typical Computer

Fall 2022 - M. M. Yasin 1.12

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