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12th OOP Lecture 21-02-2023

The document discusses object-oriented programming concepts like polymorphism and virtual functions. It describes using polymorphism to define a shape hierarchy with classes like Circle and Line that inherit from a base Shape class. Virtual functions allow calling draw() or calcArea() on a Shape pointer and having the correct derived class version called based on the actual object type at runtime. This avoids issues with switch statements to determine types and call methods.

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Shayan Hussain
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30 views31 pages

12th OOP Lecture 21-02-2023

The document discusses object-oriented programming concepts like polymorphism and virtual functions. It describes using polymorphism to define a shape hierarchy with classes like Circle and Line that inherit from a base Shape class. Virtual functions allow calling draw() or calcArea() on a Shape pointer and having the correct derived class version called based on the actual object type at runtime. This avoids issues with switch statements to determine types and call methods.

Uploaded by

Shayan Hussain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Object-Oriented Programming

(OOP)
Lecture
by
Muhammad Majid
Cell: 03006956702
Email: [email protected]
Problem Statement

• Develop a function that can draw different


types of geometric shapes from an array
Shape Hierarchy

Shape
draw
calcArea

Line Circle Triangle


draw draw draw
calcArea calcArea calcArea
Shape Hierarchy
class Shape {
…
protected:
char _type;
public:
Shape() { }
void draw(){ cout << “Shape\n”; }
int calcArea() { return 0; }
char getType() { return _type; }
}
… Shape Hierarchy
class Line : public Shape {
…
public:
Line(Point p1, Point p2) {
…
}
void draw(){ cout << “Line\n”; }
}
… Shape Hierarchy
class Circle : public Shape {
…
public:
Circle(Point center, double radius)
{
…
}
void draw(){ cout << “Circle\n”; }
int calcArea() { … }
}
… Shape Hierarchy
class Triangle : public Shape {
…
public:
Triangle(Line l1, Line l2,
double angle)
{ … }
void draw(){ cout << “Triangle\n”; }
int calcArea() { … }
}
Drawing a Scene
int main() {
Shape* _shape[ 10 ];
Point p1(0, 0), p2(10, 10);
shape[1] = new Line(p1, p2);
shape[2] = new Circle(p1, 15);
…
void drawShapes( shape, 10 );
return 0;
}
Function drawShapes()

void drawShapes(Shape* _shape[],


int size) {
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
{
_shape[i]->draw();
}
}
Sample Output

Shape
Shape
Shape
Shape
…
Function drawShapes()
void drawShapes(
Shape* _shape[], int size) {
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
// Determine object type with
// switch & accordingly call
// draw() method
}
}
Required Switch Logic
switch ( _shape[i]->getType() )
{
case ‘L’:
static_cast<Line*>(_shape[i])->draw();
break;
case ‘C’: static_cast<Circle*>(_shape[i])
->draw();
break;
…
}
Equivalent If Logic

if ( _shape[i]->getType() == ‘L’ )
static_cast<Line*>(_shape[i])->draw();
else if ( _shape[i]->getType() == ‘C’ )
static_cast<Circle*>(_shape[i])->draw();
…
Sample Output

Line
Circle
Triangle
Circle
…
Problems with Switch
Statement
…Delocalized Code

• Consider a function that prints area of


each shape from an input array
Function printArea
void printArea(
Shape* _shape[], int size) {
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
// Print shape name.
// Determine object type with
// switch & accordingly call
// calcArea() method.
}
}
Required Switch Logic
switch ( _shape[i]->getType() )
{
case ‘L’:
static_cast<Line*>(_shape[i])
->calcArea(); break;
case ‘C’:
static_cast<Circle*>(_shape[i])
->calcArea(); break;
…
}
…Delocalized Code

• The above switch logic is same as was in


function drawArray()

• Further we may need to draw shapes or


calculate area at more than one places in
code
Other Problems

• Programmer may forget a check

• May forget to test all the possible cases

• Hard to maintain
Solution?

• To avoid switch, we need a mechanism


that can select the message target
automatically!
Polymorphism Revisited
• In OO model, polymorphism means that
different objects can behave in different
ways for the same message (stimulus)

• Consequently, sender of a message does


not need to know the exact class of
receiver
Virtual Functions
• Target of a virtual function call is
determined at run-time
• In C++, we declare a function virtual by
preceding the function header with
keyword “virtual”

class Shape {
…
virtual void draw();
}
Shape Hierarchy

Shape
draw
calcArea

Line Circle Triangle


draw draw draw
calcArea calcArea calcArea
…Shape Hierarchy Revisited
No type field
class Shape {
…
virtual void draw();
virtual int calcArea();
}
class Line : public Shape {
…
virtual void draw();
}
… Shape Hierarchy Revisited
class Circle : public Shape {
…
virtual void draw();
virtual int calcArea();
}
class Triangle : public Shape {
…
virtual void draw();
virtual int calcArea();
}
Function drawShapes()

void drawShapes(Shape* _shape[],


int size) {
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
{
_shape[i]->draw();
}
}
Sample Output

Line
Circle
Triangle
Circle
…
Function printArea
void printArea(Shape* _shape[],
int size) {
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
// Print shape name
cout<< _shape[i]
->calcArea();
cout << endl;
}
}
Static vs Dynamic Binding

• Static binding means that target function


for a call is selected at compile time

• Dynamic binding means that target


function for a call is selected at run time
Static vs Dynamic Binding
Line _line;
_line.draw(); // Always Line::draw //
called
Shape* _shape = new Line();
_shape->draw(); // Shape::draw called
// if draw() is not virtual

Shape* _shape = new Line();


_shape->draw(); // Line::draw called
// if draw() is virtual

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