Ethical Principles in

Research
J AY M . M A R AV I L L A
 What are wuzzles? Wuzzles are puzzles made up of words, figures, letters or
symbols, used in such a way as to be a clue to a well-known or commonly used
word or phrase.
At the end of this session, the participants are expected to:

• Describe ETHICS in relation to research

• Understand the value of Ethics in research
• Apply Ethical rules and procedures in the conduct of research
Ethical Principles in
Research
J AY M . M A R AV I L L A
Ethics are the set of rules that govern our
expectations of our own and others’
behavior.
• Research ethics are the set of ethical guidelines that guide
us on how scientific research should be conducted and
disseminated.

• Research ethics govern the standards of conduct for

scientific researchers It is the guideline for responsibly
conducting the research.
 Objectives of Research Ethics
• The first and comprehensive objective – is to guard/protect human participants, their
dignity, rights, and welfare.

• The second objective – is to make sure that research is directed in a manner that assists
the welfare of persons, groups, and/or civilization as a whole.

• The third objective – is to inspect particular research events and schemes for their ethical
reliability, considering issues such as controlling risk, protection of privacy, and the
progression of informed consent.
 Why the Research
Ethics?

DepEd Order No. 16, s. 2017 - RESEARCH MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES

Republic Act 10173 - DATA PRIVACY ACT of 2012

DepEd Order No. 40, s. 2012 - DEPED CHILD PROTECTION POLICY

DepEd Order No. 62, s. 2011 - ADOPTING THE NATIONAL INDIGENOUS

PEOPLES (IP) EDUCATION POLICY FRAMEWORK
3 Fundamental Principles of
Research Ethics
1. Research endeavors ensure the physical and psychological safety and
protection of researchers and participants/subjects.

2. Participation in research is voluntary with informed consent.

3. All information from the participants is handled with utmost

confidentiality and with an agreement to grant anonymity.
1. Optimize benefits and minimize possible harm in the conduct of
research.

2. Direct and indirect benefits resulting from the research are shared
with the participants and communities.

3. Research contributes to improving the human condition.

1. Inclusion and exclusion criteria in the selection of research
participants/subjects, data collection tools, and methodology are free from
any biases (e.g., gender, class, ethnicity, cultural biases).

2. Conflict of interest principle applies in all research activities.

3. Research is conducted by individuals with appropriate ethics, scientific

education, training, and qualification
MINIMIZING THE RISK OF HARM

It is necessary to minimize any sort of harm to the participants. There are a

number of forms of harm that participants can be exposed to. They are:

• Bodily harm to contributors.

• Psychological agony and embarrassment.
• Social drawback.
• Violation of participant’s confidentiality and privacy.
In order to minimize the risk of harm, the researcher/data collector
should:

• Obtain informed consent from participants.

• Protecting anonymity and confidentiality of participants.
• Avoiding misleading practices when planning research.
• Providing participants with the right to withdraw.
OBTAINING INFORMED CONSENT

One of the fundamentals of research ethics is the notion of informed

consent.

Informed consent means that a person knowingly, voluntarily and

intelligently gives consent to participate in a research.
Informed consent means that the participants should be well-informed about the:

• Introduction and Objective of the Research

• Purpose of the discussion
• Anticipated advantages, benefits/harm from the research (if any)
• Use of research
• Their role in research
• Methods that will be used to protect the anonymity and confidentiality of the
participant
• Freedom to not answer any question/withdraw from the research
• Who to contact if the participant needs additional information about the research
 F P I C
Free from Prior to any part or All relevant The right to say a
coersion any project or plan information is made definitive "no" or
proceeding, all available to those "yes", with or
Free from affected, including
necessary without conditions.
threats the resources The agreement
information is
Free from provided and shared necessary to enable process must be
divide and according to any further research agreeable to, and
conquer processes defined required to consent to, the
by the people adequately assess decision-making
Free from potential risks and process of the
affected
retalliation benefits people affected
 Basic Elements of Informed Consent

• Statement that the study involves research, o Explanation of the

purposes of the research, and the expected duration of the subject's
participation,

• A description of the procedures to be followed, and

• Identification of any procedures that are experimental

 Basic Elements of Informed Consent
• Description of any reasonably foreseeable risks or discomforts to the subject

• Description of any benefits to the subject or to others that may reasonably be expected from
the research

• Disclosure of appropriate alternative procedures or courses of treatment, if any, that might be

advantageous to the subject

• A statement describing the extent, if any, to which confidentiality of records identifying the
subject will be maintained
 Basic Elements of Informed Consent
• For research involving more than minimal risk, an explanation as to whether any
compensation and an explanation as to whether any medical treatments are available if
injury occurs and, if so, what they consist of, or where further information may be
obtained

• Explanation of whom to contact for answers to pertinent questions about the research
and research subjects’ rights, and whom to contact in the event of a research-related
injury to the subject
 Basic Elements of Informed Consent

• A statement that participation is voluntary, refusal to participate will involve no

penalty or loss of benefits to which the subject is otherwise entitled, and the
subject may discontinue participation at any time without penalty or loss of
benefits to which the subject is otherwise entitled;
 Basic Elements of Informed Consent
• Anticipated circumstances under which the subject’s participation may be terminated by the
investigator without regard to the subject’s consent
• Any additional costs to the subject that may result from participation in the research
• Consequences of a subject’s decision to withdraw from the research and procedures for
orderly termination of participation by the subject
• Statement that significant new findings developed during the course of the research which
may relate to the subject’s willingness to continue participation will be provided to the
subject
• Approximate number of subjects involved in the study