Computer Graphics

Introduction
Computer Graphics
• To display a picture of any size on a computer screen is a difficult
process. Computer graphics are used to simplify this process. Various
algorithms and techniques are used to generate graphics in
computers. This will help you understand how all these are processed
by the computer to give a rich visual experience to the user.
Introduction of Computer Graphics

• Computer Graphics involves technology to access. The Process

transforms and presents information in a visual form.. In today life,
computer graphics has now become a common element in user
interfaces, T.V. commercial motion pictures.
• Computer Graphics is the creation of pictures with the help of a
computer. The end product of the computer graphics is a picture it
may be a business graph, drawing, and engineering
Definition of Computer Graphics:

• It is the use of computers to create and manipulate pictures on a

display device. It comprises of software techniques to create, store,
modify, represents pictures.
Why computer graphics used?

• Suppose a shoe manufacturing company want to show the sale of

shoes for five years. For this vast amount of information is to store. So
a lot of time and memory will be needed. This method will be tough
to understand by a common man. In this situation graphics is a better
alternative. Graphics tools are charts and graphs. Using graphs, data
can be represented in pictorial form. A picture can be understood
easily just with a single look.
• Interactive computer graphics work using the concept of two-way
communication between computer users. The computer will receive
signals from the input device, and the picture is modified accordingly.
Picture will be changed quickly when we apply command.
 Application of Computer Graphics
• 1. Education and Training: Computer-generated model of the physical, financial and
economic system is often used as educational aids. Model of physical systems,
physiological system, population trends or equipment can help trainees to
understand the operation of the system.
• For some training applications, particular systems are designed. For example Flight
Simulator.
• Flight Simulator: It helps in giving training to the pilots of airplanes. These pilots
spend much of their training not in a real aircraft but on the ground at the controls
of a Flight Simulator.
Advantages:
• Fuel Saving
• Safety
• Ability to familiarize the training with a large number of the world's airports.
• Molecular biologist can display a picture of molecules and gain insight into their structure with the help
of computer graphics.
• 3. Computer-Generated Maps: Town planners and transportation engineers can use computer-generated
maps which display data useful to them in their planning work.
• 4. Architect: Architect can explore an alternative solution to design problems at an interactive graphics
terminal. In this way, they can test many more solutions that would not be possible without the
computer.
• 5. Presentation Graphics: Example of presentation Graphics are bar charts, line graphs, pie charts and
other displays showing relationships between multiple parameters. Presentation Graphics is commonly
used to summarize
• Financial Reports
• Statistical Reports
• Mathematical Reports
• Scientific Reports
• Economic Data for research reports
• Managerial Reports
• Consumer Information Bulletins
• And other types of reports
Printing Technology: Computer Graphics is used for printing technology
and textile design.
Example of Computer Graphics Packages:
• LOGO
• COREL DRAW
• AUTO CAD
• 3D STUDIO
• CORE
Interactive and Passive Graphics

• (a) Non-Interactive or Passive Computer Graphics:

• In non-interactive computer graphics, the picture is produced on the
monitor, and the user does not have any controlled over the image,
i.e., the user cannot make any change in the rendered image. One
example of its Titles shown on T.V. and Screen savers.
• Non-interactive Graphics involves only one-way communication
between the computer and the user, User can see the produced
image, and he cannot make any change in the image.
(b) Interactive Computer Graphics

• (b) Interactive Computer Graphics:

• In interactive Computer Graphics user have some controls over the picture,
i.e., the user can make any change in the produced image. Example are:
• Drawing on touch screens.
• Display weather forecast or other moving charts/graphs on the screen.
• Animating pictures or graphics in movies.
• Graphics animation in video games.
• Interactive Computer Graphics require two-way communication between the
computer and the user. A User can see the image and make any change by
sending his command with an input device.
Advantages:
• Higher Quality
• More precise results or products
• Greater Productivity
• Lower analysis and design cost
• Significantly enhances our ability to understand data and to perceive
trends.
Working of Interactive Computer Graphics:

• The modern graphics display is very simple in construction. It consists

of three components:
• Frame Buffer or Digital Memory
• A Monitor likes a home T.V. set without the tuning and receiving
electronics.
• Display Controller or Video Controller: It passes the contents of the
frame buffer to the monitor.
• Frame Buffer: A digital frame buffer is large, contiguous piece of computer
memory used to hold or map the image displayed on the screen.
• At a minimum, there is 1 memory bit for each pixel in the raster. This
amount of memory is called a bit plane.
• A 1024 x 1024 element requires 220 (210=1024;220=1024 x 1024)sq.raster or
1,048,576 memory bits in a single bit plane.
• The picture is built up in the frame buffer one bit at a time.
• ∵ A memory bit has only two states (binary 0 or 1), a single bit plane yields
a black and white (monochrome display).
• As frame buffer is a digital device write raster CRT is an analog device.
Properties of Video Monitor:

• 1. Persistence: Persistence is the duration of phosphorescence.

Different kinds of phosphors are available for use in CRT. Besides
color, a major difference between phosphor in their persistence how
they continue to emit light after the electron beam is removed.
• 2. Resolution: Use to describe the number of pixels that are used on
display image.
• 3. Aspect Ratio: It is the ratio of width to its height. Its measure is unit
in length or number of pixels.
Aspect Ratio=
• Cathode Ray Tube
• The primary output device in a graphical system is the video monitor. The main element
of a video monitor is the Cathode Ray Tube CRT, shown in the following illustration.
• The operation of CRT is very simple −
• The electron gun emits a beam of electrons cathoderays.
• The electron beam passes through focusing and deflection systems that direct it
towards specified positions on the phosphor-coated screen.
• When the beam hits the screen, the phosphor emits a small spot of light at each
position contacted by the electron beam.
• It redraws the picture by directing the electron beam back over the same screen points
quickly.
Raster Scan

• In a raster scan system, the electron beam is swept across the screen, one row
at a time from top to bottom. As the electron beam moves across each row, the
beam intensity is turned on and off to create a pattern of illuminated spots.
• Picture definition is stored in memory area called the Refresh Buffer or Frame
Buffer. This memory area holds the set of intensity values for all the screen
points. Stored intensity values are then retrieved from the refresh buffer and
“painted” on the screen one row scanline at a time as shown in the following
illustration.
• Each screen point is referred to as a pixel pictureelement or pel. At the end of
each scan line, the electron beam returns to the left side of the screen to begin
displaying the next scan line.
• Representation of graphics
• We can represent the graphics by following two ways:
• Raster (Bitmap) Graphics
• Vector Graphics
• 1. Raster Graphics: In raster graphics, the image is presented as a
rectangular grid of colored squares.
• Raster images are also called bitmap images. Bitmap images are
stored as the collection of small individual dots called pixels.
Bitmap images require high resolution and anti-aliasing for a
smooth appearance.

For example– Paint, Photoshop, etc

• 2. Vector Graphics: In vector graphics, the image is represented in the
form of continuous geometric objects: line, curve, etc.
• Vector images are not based on pixel pattern. They use mathematical
formulas to draw line and curves. The lines and curves can be
combined to create an image.
• For Example– PowerPoint, Corel Draw, etc.
Difference between Raster and Vector Graphics: