Streams and IO

 Streams are pipe like constructors used for

providing IO.
 When a programmer needs to handle input
from or output to external entities,then
streams are used by c++.
 The stream is the central concept of the
iostream classes
 Output streams
An output stream object is a destination for bytes. 
The three most important output stream classare
.ostream, ofstream, and ostrstream
The ostream class, through the derived class 
basic_ostream, supports the predefined stream
objects:cout   standard output
cerr   standard error with limited buffering 
clog   similar to cerr but with full buffering 
 Input streams
An input stream object is a source of bytes. The three 
most important input stream classes are istream, ifstream,
istrstream and
The istream class is best used for sequential text-mode 
input. You can configure objects of class istream for
buffered or unbuffered operation. All functionality of the
base class,ios, is included in istream. You will
rarelconstruct objects from class istream. Instead, you will
generally use the predefined cin object, which is actually
an object of class ostream. In some cases, you can
.assign cin to other stream objects after program startup
 Formatting I/O
 Formatting using Ios functions

 Width()-It specifies the width for display.the output will take up the
width specified.used in alignng vertical column of numeric items.
 Precision()-It specifies the precision of the floating point
number.Default precision is six digits after decimal point
 Fill()-it specifies the character for filling up the unused prion of the
field.It is usually usd with the width member function.
 Setf()-The function specifies the format flags that controls output
display like left or right justification,padding after sign
symbol,scientific notation display,displaying abse of the number
 Unsetf()-This function provides undo operation for above mentioned
operations with setf.
Member functions of Ios

The prototype of the function is. 

old value of stream>function< 

>name<specified new value

The functions set new value to the stream and

retutn value.The width function sets new width to
the argument specified and returns old width.,The
precision function sets new precision and returns
.old precision
I/O manipulators

Manipulators are special functions for 

formatting
The choice between manipulators and ios 
functions to solve formatting problems
.sometimes depends upon the user
Equivalent manipulators for some of the io 
:functions are
Setw(),setprecision(),setfill(),setiosflags(),rese 
.)(tiosflags
Difference between ios and manipulators

Unlike Ios,manipulators do not return the 

previous status
Manipulators can write our own manipulator 
and use it in the programmarksheet printing
program can use it for printing
Ios functions are singleThey cannot be 
combined to have multiple effects
together.When a large set of formatting
options are used,manipulators are used to
.write and produce more readable code
Ios functions need <iotsream>whereas 
.>manipulators need <iomanip
Example program

include <iostream.h># 
#include <fstream.h>

/*

* Input using cin

*/

int main () {
        char myline[256];
        int lc = 0;

        ofstream outfile("demo.txt",ios::app);

        ifstream infile("stdcodes.xyz");
        if (! infile) {
                cerr << "Failed to open input file\n";
                exit(1);
                }

        while (1) {
                infile.getline(myline,256);
                if (infile.eof()) break;
                lc++;
                outfile << lc << ": " << myline << "\n";
                }
        infile.close();
        outfile.close();

        cout << "Output " << lc << " records" << endl;

}
Object Serialization
 Object Serialization
Simple persistence method which provides a 
program the ability to read or write a whole object to
and from a stream of bytes
Allows Java objects to be encoded into a byte 
stream suitable for streaming to a file on disk or over
a network
The class must implement the Serializable interface 
(java.io.Serializable), which does not declare any
methods, and have accessors and mutators for its
attributes
Object Serialization :example pgm
create output stream //
File file = new
;File("teams_serialize.ser")
;)(String fullPath = file.getAbsolutePath
;fos = new FileOutputStream(fullPath)

open output stream and store team t1 //

;out = new ObjectOutputStream(fos)
;out.writeObject(t1)
 Object persistence
One of the most critical tasks that applications 
have to perform is to save and restore data
Persistence is the storage of data from working 
memory so that it can be restored when the
application is run again
In object-oriented systems, there are several 
ways in which objects can be made persistent
The choice of persistence method is an 
important part of the design of an application
 C++ Namespaces
A mechanism for logically grouping 
declarations and definitions into a common
declarative region
 C++ Namespaces
The contents of the namespace can be 
accessed by code inside or outside the
namespace
Use the scope resolution operator to access –
elements from outside the namespace
Alternatively, the using declaration allows the –
names of the elements to be used directly
C++ Namespaces
Creating a namespace 
namespace smallNamespace
{
;int count = 0
;)(void abc
end smallNamespace// }

Using a namespace 
;using namespace smallNamespace
;count +=1
;)(abc
 STD Namespaces
Items declared in the C++ Standard Library 
are declared in the std namespace
C++ include files for several functions are in 
the std namespace
To include input and output functions from the –
C++ library, write
>include <iostream
;using namespace std
 Ansi string objects

The ANSI string class implements a first- 

class character string data type that avoids
many problems
associated with simple character arrays 
("C-style strings"). You can define a string
object very
simply, as shown in the following example 
Ansi string class syntax pgm

>include <string# 
;using namespace std 
... 
;"string first_name = "Bjarne 
;string last_name 
;"last_name = "Stroustrup 
;string names = first_name + " " + last_name 
;cout << names << endl 
names = last_name + ", " + first 
;first_name + " 
;cout << names << endl 
Ansi string class member functions
Member functions
The string class defines many member functions. A few of the basic 
:ones are described below
A string object may defined without an initializing value, in which case 
its initial
:value is an empty string (zero length, no characters) 
;string str1 
A string object may also be initialized with 
:􀁺 a string expression 
;string str2 = str1 
;string str3 = str1 + str2 
string str4 (str2); // Alternate form 
:􀁺 a character string literal 
;"string str4 = "Hello there 
 Standard Template Library
The standard template library (STL) contains 
Containers –
Algorithms –
Iterators –
A container is a way that stored data is organized in 
.memory, for example an array of elements
Algorithms in the STL are procedures that are applied to 
containers to process their data, for example search for
.an element in an array, or sort an array
Iterators are a generalization of the concept of pointers, 
they point to elements in a container, for example you can
increment an iterator to point to the next element in an
array
 Containers, Iterators, Algorithms

Algorithms use iterators to interact with objects

stored in containers

Container Container
Iterator
Algorithm

Objects Iterator

Algorithm
Iterator
Iterator

Algorithm
 Containers
A container is a way to store data, either built-in data 
types like int and float, or class objects
The STL provides several basic kinds of containers 
vector> : one-dimensional array< –
list> : double linked list< –
deque> : double-ended queue< –
queue> : queue< –
stack> : stack< –
set> : set< –
map> : associative array< –
 Sequence Containers
A sequence container stores a set of elements in 
sequence, in other words each element (except
for the first and last one) is preceded by one
,>specific element and followed by another, <vector
list> and <deque> are sequential containers<
In an ordinary C++ array the size is fixed and can 
not change during run-time, it is also tedious to
insert or delete elements. Advantage: quick random
access
vector> is an expandable array that can shrink or < 
grow in size, but still has the disadvantage of
inserting or deleting elements in the middle
 Sequence Containers
list> is a double linked list (each element has < 
points to its successor and predecessor), it is
quick to insert or delete elements but has slow
random access
deque> is a double-ended queue, that means one < 
can insert and delete elements from both ends, it
is a kind of combination between a stack (last in
first out) and a queue (first in first out) and constitutes
a compromise between a <vector> and
>a <list
 Associative Containers
An associative container is non-sequential but 
uses
a key to access elements. The keys, typically a
number or a string, are used by the container to
,arrange the stored elements in a specific order
for example in a dictionary the entries are
ordered
.alphabetically
 Associative Containers
A <set> stores a number of items which contain keys 
,The keys are the attributes used to order the items
for example a set might store objects of the class
Person which are ordered alphabetically using their name
A <map> stores pairs of objects: a key object and 
an associated value object. A <map> is somehow
similar to an array except instead of accessing its
elements with index numbers, you access them with
.indices of an arbitrary type
,set> and <map> only allow one key of each value< 
whereas <multiset> and <multimap> allow multiple
 Iterators
Iterators are pointer-like entities that are 
used to
.access individual elements in a container
they are used to move sequentially 
Oftenvector<int>
fromarray_
element17to element, a process called
vector<int>::iterator
4
. iterating through a container
23 The iterator corresponding to
12 the class vector<int> is of
the type vector<int>::iterator
size_ 4
 Iterators
One can have multiple iterators pointing to 
different or identical elements in the
vector<int> v container
i1
array_ 17
4
i2
23
12
i3
size_ 4
 Iterators
>include <vector#
>include <iostream#
int arr[] = { 12, 3, 17, 8 }; // standard C array
vector<int> v(arr, arr+4); // initialize vector with C array
for (vector<int>::iterator i=v.begin(); i!=v.end(); i++)
initialize i with pointer to first element of v //
i++ increment iterator, move iterator to next element //
{
cout << *i << ” ”; // de-referencing iterator returns the
value of the element the iterator points at //
}
;cout << endl
 ++File handling in C
Introduction to File Handling 
Data entered once, required later again –
Same Data to be used by others –
Data required again by the same program –
Files and Streams 
 I/O Streams

Description Stream

cin
Standard input stream
Standard output cout
stream
Standard error cerr
stream
 ofstream
Output file stream Class 
open() is a member function of the class ofstream 
Inherited functions of ofstream class, from the class 
ostream are
)(put –
)(write –
)(seekp –
)(tellp –
fstream
It supports files for simultaneous input and output 
fstream is derived from 
ifstream –
ofstream –
iostream –

They are parent classes and fstream is the child class 

Member functions of the class fstream 
open –
close –
close all –
seekg –
seekp –
tellg –
tellp –
 ”This program creates a file called “message.dat//
//Required for file I/O include <fstream.h> #
)(int main
{
;ofstream myfile (“message.dat”)
If (!myfile)
{
check if the file is opened or not//
;"cout<<"\n Cannot open this file
;return 1
}
;”myfile <<“When an apple fell, Newton was disturbed \n
;”myfile <<“but, when he found that all apples fell, \n
;”myfile <<“it was gravitation that attracts them down,\n
;”myfile <<“he was satisfied \n
//close the file myfile.close();
;return 1
}
++Function in C

Function Prototype 
Function Call 
Function Definition 