0% found this document useful (0 votes)
90 views19 pages

08 Selection, Screening, and Analysis of Recombinants

Clone identification requires a highly specific method and can involve screening a clone bank. There are two main methods: nucleic acid hybridisation and immunological screening. Nucleic acid hybridisation uses a replica filter and a labelled probe, which can be RNA, cDNA, genomic DNA, or an oligonucleotide, to detect clones. Immunological screening detects proteins expressed from a cDNA library using specific antibodies. These methods allow identification of clones containing genes of interest.

Uploaded by

biotic project
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
90 views19 pages

08 Selection, Screening, and Analysis of Recombinants

Clone identification requires a highly specific method and can involve screening a clone bank. There are two main methods: nucleic acid hybridisation and immunological screening. Nucleic acid hybridisation uses a replica filter and a labelled probe, which can be RNA, cDNA, genomic DNA, or an oligonucleotide, to detect clones. Immunological screening detects proteins expressed from a cDNA library using specific antibodies. These methods allow identification of clones containing genes of interest.

Uploaded by

biotic project
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 19

Clone identification

requires a

Highly specific method

and can involve

Screening a clone bank

two main methods

Nucleic acid Immunological


Hybridisation screening

Using a Detects proteins from

Replica filter cDNA


expression
and a library

Labelled
probe

which may be

RNA cDNA Genomic DNA Oligonucleotide


Metode seleksi dan skrining genetik
 Metode seleksi dan skrining
genetik didasarkan atas
ekspresi (non-ekspresi) sifat
tertentu.
 Sifat ini disandi oleh vektor
atau.
 Salah satu metode seleksi
genetik melibatkan
penggunaan antibiotik untuk
memilih klon yang
mengandung vektor.
http://o.quizlet.com/i/
 Contohnya: plamsid pBR322
dKj0FszJBnRb9ZHsrUwYvg_m.jpg yang mengandung gen
resisten ampisilin dan
tetrasiklin.
http://biosiva.50webs.org/dna%20cl10.gif
e use of chromogenic substrates
 Penggunaan sistem deteksi X-gal didasarkan atas -
galactosidase fungsional dalam sistem sel inang/vektor.

1. Gen (lacZ) -galactosidase


gene utuh ada di vektor
 Contoh senyawa
kromogenik: X-gal (5-
bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-
-D-galactopyranoside)
 Penginduksi ekspresi
gen -galactosidase
IPTG (iso-propyl-
thiogalactoside) is used.

Fig. 8.1 Structure of X-gal and cleavage by -galactosidase. The colourless


compound X-gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-¯-D-galactopyranoside) is cleaved by -
galactosidase to give galactose and an indoxyl derivative. This derivative is in turn
oxidised in air to generate the dibromo–dichloro derivative, which is blue.
Blotting Techniques

• Blotting – Transfer of DNA, RNA or Proteins, from a


electrophoresis gel to a membrane e.g. nitrocellulose. This
membrane can then be used for hybridization.
• Hybridization – Process where two complementary single
strands of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) form a double helix.
Blotting Techniques

• specific probes: labelled specific sequences of DNA


• three main hybridization techniques;
1. Northern Blot- RNA sample and identified using DNA or RNA probes.
2. Southern Blot- DNA sample and identified using DNA or RNA probes.
3. Western Blot- Protein sample and identified typically using an antibody.
Southern blotting
 Teknik blotting dikembangkan
pertama kali oleh Edwin M.
Southern, dan dikenal sebagai
Southern blotting.
 Dalam metode ini fragmen DNA
yang dipotong enzim restriksi
dielektroforesis gel agarosa.
 Fragmen terpisah kemudian
ditransfer ke nitroselulosa atau
membran nilon menggunakan
teknik blotting (seperti vacuum
blotting dan electroblotting).
1) The gel is placed on a filter
paper wick and a
nitrocellulose or nylon filter
placed on top.
2) Further sheets of filter paper
and paper tissues complete
the setup.
3) Transfer buffer is drawn
through the gel by capillary
action, and the nucleic acid
fragments are transferred
out of the gel and onto the
membrane.
Fig. 8.9 Blotting apparatus.
Fig. 8.10 Southern blotting. A hypothetical 20 kb fragment from a genomic clone is under
investigation. A cDNA copy of the mRNA is available for use as a probe. (a) Gel pattern of
fragments produced by digestion with various restriction enzymes; (b) autoradiograph resulting
from the hybridisation. Lanes 1 and 6 contain λ HindIII markers, sizes as indicated. These have
been marked on the autoradiograph for reference. The intact fragment (lane 2) runs as a single
band to which the probe hybridises. Lanes 3, 4, and 5 were digested with EcoRI (E), PstI (P), and
BamHI (B). Fragment sizes are indicated under each lane in (a). The results of the
autoradiography show that the probe hybridises to two bands in the EcoRI and BamHI digests;
therefore, the clone must have internal sites for these enzymes. The PstI digest shows
hybridisation to the 7 kb fragment only. This might, therefore, be a good candidate for
subcloning, as the gene may be located entirely on this fragment.
Northern blotting
 Meskipun Southern blotting adalah teknik yang sangat
sederhana, namun memiliki banyak aplikasi dan telah
menjadi metode yang berguna dalam analisis gen.
 Teknik yang sama juga dapat digunakan untuk RNA yang
dikenal sebagai northern blotting.
 Berguna untuk:
 menentukan pola hibridisasi dalam sampel mRNA
 menentukan daerah fragmen DNA terklon yang akan
menghibridasi mRNA tertentu.
 mengukur tingkat transkrip selama ekspresi gen
tertentu
Dot blotting/Slot blotting
 Pada teknik blotting ini, sampel asam nukleat tidak dielektroforesis
tetapi diteteskan ke filter
 Teknik ini sangat berguna dalam memperoleh data kuantitatif
dalam studi ekspresi gen

 In some variants of the apparatus the nucleic acid is applied in a


slot rather than as a dot.
 Not surprisingly, this is called slot blotting!
Western blotting
 Teknik ini melibatkan transfer molekul protein yang telah
dielektroforesis ke membran.
 Teknik elektroforesis yang sering digunakan adalah SDS-
PAGE (SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis)
 Western blotting dapat mengidentifikasi protein khusus
jika antibodi yang sesuai tersedia.
 Western blotting dapat berguna untuk mengukur jumlah
protein tertentu dalam sel tertentu pada waktu tertentu.
 Dengan membandingkan dengan data lainnya (seperti
jumlah mRNA, dan/atau aktivitas enzim) dapat untuk
membangun sebuah gambaran tentang bagaimana
ekspresi dan kontrol metabolik protein diatur.
8.4 Immunological screening for expressed genes
 Skrining imunologis bertujuan mengidentifikasi protein
yang diekspresikan gen terklon.
 Persyaratan teknik: gen terklon harus diekspresi dalam
klon rekombinan.
 Pelacak: antibodi spesifik
8.4 Immunological screening for expressed genes
 Antibodi diproduksi hewan dalam menanggapi
tantangan antigen, yang biasanya berupa protein murni.
 Ada dua jenis utama dari preparasi antibodi yang dapat
digunakan.
 antibodi poliklonal, mengenali semua determinan
antigenik antigen.
 antibodi monoklonal, yang mengenali determinan
antigenik tunggal.
 Produksi antibodi monoklonal secara teknik rumit, oleh
karena itu antisera poliklonal berkualitas baik sering
digunakan untuk skrining.
 Filter diambil dari cawan Petri yang
berisi rekombinan (biasanya cDNA / 
konstruksi).
 Protein dan debris sel menempel filter.
 Plak mengekspresikan protein target
(+) tidak bisa dibedakan dari yang lain
(-) pada tahap ini.
 Filter ini diinkubasi dengan antibodi
primer yang spesifik untuk protein
target.
 Kemudian ditambahkan radiolabelled
Fig. 8.7 Immunological screening for protein A berlabel, dan dilakukan
expressed genes. autoradiografi.
 Seperti dalam penyaringan asam
nukleat, plak positif dapat diidentifikasi
dan diambil dari master plate.
 Metode pendeteksian kromogenik/
enzimatik juga dapat digunakan dalam
jenis sistem ini.

You might also like