08 Selection, Screening, and Analysis of Recombinants
Clone identification requires a highly specific method and can involve screening a clone bank. There are two main methods: nucleic acid hybridisation and immunological screening. Nucleic acid hybridisation uses a replica filter and a labelled probe, which can be RNA, cDNA, genomic DNA, or an oligonucleotide, to detect clones. Immunological screening detects proteins expressed from a cDNA library using specific antibodies. These methods allow identification of clones containing genes of interest.
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08 Selection, Screening, and Analysis of Recombinants
Clone identification requires a highly specific method and can involve screening a clone bank. There are two main methods: nucleic acid hybridisation and immunological screening. Nucleic acid hybridisation uses a replica filter and a labelled probe, which can be RNA, cDNA, genomic DNA, or an oligonucleotide, to detect clones. Immunological screening detects proteins expressed from a cDNA library using specific antibodies. These methods allow identification of clones containing genes of interest.
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Clone identification
requires a
Highly specific method
and can involve
Screening a clone bank
two main methods
Nucleic acid Immunological
Hybridisation screening
Using a Detects proteins from
Replica filter cDNA
expression and a library
Labelled probe
which may be
RNA cDNA Genomic DNA Oligonucleotide
Metode seleksi dan skrining genetik Metode seleksi dan skrining genetik didasarkan atas ekspresi (non-ekspresi) sifat tertentu. Sifat ini disandi oleh vektor atau. Salah satu metode seleksi genetik melibatkan penggunaan antibiotik untuk memilih klon yang mengandung vektor. http://o.quizlet.com/i/ Contohnya: plamsid pBR322 dKj0FszJBnRb9ZHsrUwYvg_m.jpg yang mengandung gen resisten ampisilin dan tetrasiklin. http://biosiva.50webs.org/dna%20cl10.gif e use of chromogenic substrates Penggunaan sistem deteksi X-gal didasarkan atas - galactosidase fungsional dalam sistem sel inang/vektor.
1. Gen (lacZ) -galactosidase
gene utuh ada di vektor Contoh senyawa kromogenik: X-gal (5- bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl- -D-galactopyranoside) Penginduksi ekspresi gen -galactosidase IPTG (iso-propyl- thiogalactoside) is used.
Fig. 8.1 Structure of X-gal and cleavage by -galactosidase. The colourless
compound X-gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-¯-D-galactopyranoside) is cleaved by - galactosidase to give galactose and an indoxyl derivative. This derivative is in turn oxidised in air to generate the dibromo–dichloro derivative, which is blue. Blotting Techniques
• Blotting – Transfer of DNA, RNA or Proteins, from a
electrophoresis gel to a membrane e.g. nitrocellulose. This membrane can then be used for hybridization. • Hybridization – Process where two complementary single strands of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) form a double helix. Blotting Techniques
• specific probes: labelled specific sequences of DNA
• three main hybridization techniques; 1. Northern Blot- RNA sample and identified using DNA or RNA probes. 2. Southern Blot- DNA sample and identified using DNA or RNA probes. 3. Western Blot- Protein sample and identified typically using an antibody. Southern blotting Teknik blotting dikembangkan pertama kali oleh Edwin M. Southern, dan dikenal sebagai Southern blotting. Dalam metode ini fragmen DNA yang dipotong enzim restriksi dielektroforesis gel agarosa. Fragmen terpisah kemudian ditransfer ke nitroselulosa atau membran nilon menggunakan teknik blotting (seperti vacuum blotting dan electroblotting). 1) The gel is placed on a filter paper wick and a nitrocellulose or nylon filter placed on top. 2) Further sheets of filter paper and paper tissues complete the setup. 3) Transfer buffer is drawn through the gel by capillary action, and the nucleic acid fragments are transferred out of the gel and onto the membrane. Fig. 8.9 Blotting apparatus. Fig. 8.10 Southern blotting. A hypothetical 20 kb fragment from a genomic clone is under investigation. A cDNA copy of the mRNA is available for use as a probe. (a) Gel pattern of fragments produced by digestion with various restriction enzymes; (b) autoradiograph resulting from the hybridisation. Lanes 1 and 6 contain λ HindIII markers, sizes as indicated. These have been marked on the autoradiograph for reference. The intact fragment (lane 2) runs as a single band to which the probe hybridises. Lanes 3, 4, and 5 were digested with EcoRI (E), PstI (P), and BamHI (B). Fragment sizes are indicated under each lane in (a). The results of the autoradiography show that the probe hybridises to two bands in the EcoRI and BamHI digests; therefore, the clone must have internal sites for these enzymes. The PstI digest shows hybridisation to the 7 kb fragment only. This might, therefore, be a good candidate for subcloning, as the gene may be located entirely on this fragment. Northern blotting Meskipun Southern blotting adalah teknik yang sangat sederhana, namun memiliki banyak aplikasi dan telah menjadi metode yang berguna dalam analisis gen. Teknik yang sama juga dapat digunakan untuk RNA yang dikenal sebagai northern blotting. Berguna untuk: menentukan pola hibridisasi dalam sampel mRNA menentukan daerah fragmen DNA terklon yang akan menghibridasi mRNA tertentu. mengukur tingkat transkrip selama ekspresi gen tertentu Dot blotting/Slot blotting Pada teknik blotting ini, sampel asam nukleat tidak dielektroforesis tetapi diteteskan ke filter Teknik ini sangat berguna dalam memperoleh data kuantitatif dalam studi ekspresi gen
In some variants of the apparatus the nucleic acid is applied in a
slot rather than as a dot. Not surprisingly, this is called slot blotting! Western blotting Teknik ini melibatkan transfer molekul protein yang telah dielektroforesis ke membran. Teknik elektroforesis yang sering digunakan adalah SDS- PAGE (SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis) Western blotting dapat mengidentifikasi protein khusus jika antibodi yang sesuai tersedia. Western blotting dapat berguna untuk mengukur jumlah protein tertentu dalam sel tertentu pada waktu tertentu. Dengan membandingkan dengan data lainnya (seperti jumlah mRNA, dan/atau aktivitas enzim) dapat untuk membangun sebuah gambaran tentang bagaimana ekspresi dan kontrol metabolik protein diatur. 8.4 Immunological screening for expressed genes Skrining imunologis bertujuan mengidentifikasi protein yang diekspresikan gen terklon. Persyaratan teknik: gen terklon harus diekspresi dalam klon rekombinan. Pelacak: antibodi spesifik 8.4 Immunological screening for expressed genes Antibodi diproduksi hewan dalam menanggapi tantangan antigen, yang biasanya berupa protein murni. Ada dua jenis utama dari preparasi antibodi yang dapat digunakan. antibodi poliklonal, mengenali semua determinan antigenik antigen. antibodi monoklonal, yang mengenali determinan antigenik tunggal. Produksi antibodi monoklonal secara teknik rumit, oleh karena itu antisera poliklonal berkualitas baik sering digunakan untuk skrining. Filter diambil dari cawan Petri yang berisi rekombinan (biasanya cDNA / konstruksi). Protein dan debris sel menempel filter. Plak mengekspresikan protein target (+) tidak bisa dibedakan dari yang lain (-) pada tahap ini. Filter ini diinkubasi dengan antibodi primer yang spesifik untuk protein target. Kemudian ditambahkan radiolabelled Fig. 8.7 Immunological screening for protein A berlabel, dan dilakukan expressed genes. autoradiografi. Seperti dalam penyaringan asam nukleat, plak positif dapat diidentifikasi dan diambil dari master plate. Metode pendeteksian kromogenik/ enzimatik juga dapat digunakan dalam jenis sistem ini.