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Pulse Code Modulation

Pulse code modulation converts analog signals to digital signals by sampling, quantizing, and encoding the analog values. The process involves sampling the analog signal, quantizing the sample values, encoding the quantized values into binary digits, transmitting the encoded signal, decoding the signal at the receiver, and reconstructing the original analog signal. The transmitter part filters, samples, and encodes the analog signal, while the receiver part decodes and reconstructs the analog signal through a hold circuit and low-pass filter. PCM is used in digital communication to transmit analog signals in digital form.

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46 views9 pages

Pulse Code Modulation

Pulse code modulation converts analog signals to digital signals by sampling, quantizing, and encoding the analog values. The process involves sampling the analog signal, quantizing the sample values, encoding the quantized values into binary digits, transmitting the encoded signal, decoding the signal at the receiver, and reconstructing the original analog signal. The transmitter part filters, samples, and encodes the analog signal, while the receiver part decodes and reconstructs the analog signal through a hold circuit and low-pass filter. PCM is used in digital communication to transmit analog signals in digital form.

Uploaded by

Debjyoti
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© © All Rights Reserved
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PULSE CODE MODULATION

(Transmitter & Receiver)

Paper Name: Digital Communication


Paper Code: EC503
Student Name: Debjyoti Musib
Univ. Roll: 13000320104
Department: ECE
 CONTENTS :

 Introduction
 PCM Technique
 Full Process
 Explanation(Transmitter)
 Explanation(Receiver)
 What is pulse code modulation?
When a digital signal undergoes Pulse Code Modulation, it converts the analog
information into a binary sequence (1 and 0). Through the demodulation process,
we can obtain the original analog signal. The figure below represents the output of
the PCM signal with respect to the sine wave.

Pulse Code Modulation techniques are used to produce a series of numbers


or digits in binary form. Hence this process is called digital modulation.
 The Pulse Code Modulation process is done through the following steps:
1. Sampling
2. Quantisation
3. Coding

 Block diagram of the Pulse Code Modulation process is as shown in the figure below:
 Low Pass Filter :
It helps in removing the high-frequency components included in the input of the analog signal.
Hence, a low pass filter is added in the pulse code modulation technique to avoid aliasing of the
message signal.

 Sampler :
It helps to collect the sample data at any time of the message signal. As per the sampling
theorem, the sampling rate is greater than the highest frequency of the message signal.

 Quantizer :
Quantizer helps to minimise the error through the process known as quantizing. The sampled
output when passed through a quantizer, reduces the unnecessary bits and also helps in
compressing the obtained values.

 Encoder :
It is used for digitising the analog signal. Encoder helps to allot each quantised level through a
binary code. Low pass filter, sampler, and quantiser aids to convert analog to digital forms.
 Regenerative Repeater :
It is used to compensate for the signal loss and also reform the signal. It also helps to increase
signal strength. Hence, the output of the channel is equipped with one regenerative repeater
circuit.

 Decoder :
It helps to form the original signal by decoding the pulse coded waveform. Decoder acts as the
demodulator.

 Reconstruction Filter :
It helps to obtain the original signal. In the pulse code modulator circuit, the given analog signal
is digitized, coded and sampled. The resultant signal is transmitted in an analog form. In order to
obtain the original signal, the whole process is repeated in a reverse pattern .
 Transmitter Part (PCM Encoder) :
• Before we sample, we have to filter the signal to limit the maximum frequency of the signal
as it affects the sampling rate.
• Filtering should ensure that we do not distort the signal, ie remove high frequency
components that affect the signal shape.
 Receiver Part (PCM Decoder) :
• To recover an analog signal from a digitized signal we follow the following steps:
1. We use a hold circuit that holds the amplitude value of a pulse till the next pulse arrives.
2. We pass this signal through a low pass filter with a cutoff frequency that is equal to the highest frequency in
the pre-sampled signal.

 The higher the value of L, the less distorted a signal is recovered.


thank you

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