It skills assignment

By:- Abhiroop Bhattacharya

MBA 1-A
2211924
What Is Computer?
• A computer is a machine that can be programmed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical
operations automatically. Modern digital electronic computers can perform generic sets of
operations known as programs. These programs enable computers to perform a wide range of
tasks.
Features OF computer
• Processor (CPU): It is the brain of a computer that performs all the calculations and logical
operations.

• Memory (RAM): It is the temporary storage area where data and instructions are stored while
the computer is running.

• Storage Devices: These are hardware components that are used for permanent storage of
data, such as hard disk drives, solid-state drives, and optical drives.

• Input Devices: These are devices used to input data into the computer, such as keyboards,
mice, touchpads, scanners, and microphones.
Features OF computer

• Output Devices: These are devices used to display or output data from the computer,
such as monitors, printers, speakers, and projectors.

• Operating System: It is the software that manages the computer's hardware and
software resources and provides a user interface for the user to interact with the
computer.

• Software Applications: These are programs that are designed to perform specific
tasks, such as word processing, web browsing, gaming, and multimedia editing.

• Connectivity: Computers can be connected to other devices or networks, such as the

internet, local area networks (LAN), and wireless networks (WLAN).
LIMITATIONS OF COMPUTER

• Lack of Creativity: Computers are programmed to follow specific rules and algorithms. They cannot
think creatively or produce original ideas, which limits their ability to perform tasks that require
creativity or innovation.

• Dependence on Electricity: Computers require electricity to function. Power outages or other electrical
disturbances can cause data loss, hardware damage, and system failure.

• Lack of Emotional Intelligence: Computers cannot understand human emotions or respond to them
appropriately. They cannot provide emotional support, empathy, or intuition, which limits their ability to
interact with humans in a meaningful way.

• Limited Reliability: Computers are prone to hardware and software failures, which can cause data loss
and system crashes. Even with backup systems in place, there is always a risk of data loss or system
failure.
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER:-

FIRST GENERATION
• ENIAC
• EDVAC
• UNIVAC

SECOND GENERATION
• IBM 1620
• IBM 7094
• CDC 1604

THIRD GENERATION
• IBM 370
• PDP-11
• UNIVAC 1108
4th Generation:-
1)Micral
2)IBM 5100
3)Altair 8800

5th Generation:-
1)Param
2)Intel P4
3)IBM Laptops
 1st Generation

The first generation of computers is typically considered to have been developed between
1940 and 1956. These early computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and were large,
expensive, and required a lot of power. Here are some of the key features of first-
generation computers:
• Vacuum Tubes: First-generation computers used vacuum tubes to create digital signals
and process information. These tubes were fragile, expensive, and required a lot of
power, which made early computers very large and expensive.
• Batch Processing: First-generation computers used batch processing, which means that a
group of similar tasks would be grouped together and processed in sequence. This was a
slow and inefficient way to process data.
• Limited Memory: First-generation computers had limited memory capacity and could
only store a small amount of data at a time. This made them less useful for complex
computations or large-scale data processing.
 1st Generation

• Punch Cards: Data was often input into first-generation computers using punch cards,
which were a form of data storage made from paper or cardboard. The cards had holes
punched into them to represent data, and the computers would read the holes and
interpret the data.
• Assembly Language: First-generation computers used assembly language, which is a
low-level programming language that is specific to a particular computer. This made
programming difficult and time-consuming.
• High Failure Rate: First-generation computers were prone to breakdowns and had a high
failure rate. This made them unreliable and expensive to maintain.
 2nd Generation
The second generation of computers is typically considered to have been developed between the mid-1950s and the
mid-1960s. These computers used transistors instead of vacuum tubes for circuitry, which made them smaller, faster,
more reliable, and more energy-efficient than their predecessors. Here are some of the key features of second-
generation computers:
• Transistors: Second-generation computers used transistors, which were smaller, more reliable, and more energy-
efficient than vacuum tubes. This allowed computers to be smaller, faster, and less expensive.

• Magnetic Core Memory: Second-generation computers used magnetic core memory, which was faster and more
reliable than the magnetic drum memory used in first-generation computers. This allowed computers to store more
data and perform more complex computations.

• Batch Processing: Second-generation computers still used batch processing, but with improved efficiency and
speed due to the use of transistors and magnetic core memory.
 2nd Generation
• High-Level Programming Languages: Second-generation computers were capable of using high-level
programming languages, which made programming easier and more accessible. Examples of high-level languages
developed during this period include COBOL and FORTRAN.

• Improved Input/Output: Second-generation computers had improved input/output (I/O) capabilities, which
allowed them to interact more easily with other devices and systems.

• Lower Cost: Second-generation computers were less expensive than first-generation computers, which made them
more accessible to businesses and other organizations.
 3rd Generation
The third generation of computers is typically considered to have been developed between the mid-
1960s and the mid-1970s. These computers used integrated circuits (ICs) instead of individual
transistors, which made them even smaller, faster, and more reliable than their predecessors. Here are
some of the key features of third-generation computers:
• Integrated Circuits: Third-generation computers used integrated circuits (ICs), which combined multiple transistors
and other components on a single chip. This made computers even smaller, faster, and more reliable than second-
generation computers.

• Operating Systems: Third-generation computers were capable of running operating systems, which managed the
computer's hardware and software resources. This made it easier to run multiple programs and applications
simultaneously.

• Time-Sharing: Third-generation computers were capable of time-sharing, which allowed multiple users to access
the computer simultaneously. This was made possible by the development of advanced operating systems and
networking technologies.
 3rd Generation
• High-Level Programming Languages: Third-generation computers were capable of using high-level programming
languages, which made programming even easier and more accessible. Examples of high-level languages
developed during this period include BASIC, COBOL, and Pascal.

• Mass Storage: Third-generation computers had much larger and more reliable storage systems, including hard disk
drives and magnetic tape drives. This allowed for the storage of large amounts of data and made it easier to access
and retrieve information.

• Lower Cost: Third-generation computers were even less expensive than second-generation computers, which made
them even more accessible to businesses and other organizations.
 4th Generation
The fourth generation of computers is typically considered to have been developed between the mid-1970s and the
mid-1980s. These computers used microprocessors instead of individual ICs, which made them even smaller, faster,
and more powerful than their predecessors. Here are some of the key features of fourth-generation computers:

• Microprocessors: Fourth-generation computers used microprocessors, which combined the functions of many ICs
onto a single chip. This made computers even smaller, faster, and more powerful than third-generation computers.

• Personal Computers: Fourth-generation computers were the first to be developed for personal use, with the
introduction of the Apple II and other early personal computers. This made computers more accessible to
individuals and small businesses.

• Graphical User Interfaces: Fourth-generation computers introduced graphical user interfaces (GUIs), which made
computers even easier to use by allowing users to interact with the computer using icons, menus, and other
graphical elements.
 4th Generation
• Networking: Fourth-generation computers were the first to be widely networked, which allowed for the sharing of
resources and information between computers. This led to the development of the internet and other networked
technologies.

• High-Level Languages and Compilers: Fourth-generation computers continued to improve on high-level

programming languages, with the development of languages like C and C++. Compilers were also developed to
translate code written in high-level languages into machine language more efficiently.

• Mass Storage: Fourth-generation computers continued to improve on mass storage, with the development of hard
disk drives and floppy disks. This allowed for even larger amounts of data to be stored and retrieved more easily.
 5th generation
The fifth generation of computers is typically considered to have been developed from the mid-
1980s to the present day. These computers are characterized by their focus on artificial
intelligence and parallel processing, as well as their continued miniaturization and increased
connectivity. Here are some of the key features of fifth-generation computers:

• Artificial Intelligence: Fifth-generation computers are designed to be capable of artificial intelligence and machine
learning. This involves programming computers to perform tasks that would normally require human intelligence, such
as recognizing patterns or understanding natural language.

• Parallel Processing: Fifth-generation computers use parallel processing, which involves dividing a large task into
smaller tasks and processing them simultaneously. This allows for faster and more efficient processing of large amounts
of data.

• Natural Language Processing: Fifth-generation computers are capable of understanding and processing natural
language. This allows for more natural and intuitive interactions between humans and computers.
 5th generation
• High-Speed Networks: Fifth-generation computers are designed to take advantage of high-speed networks,
including the internet and other networked technologies. This allows for the sharing of resources and information
between computers and other devices.

• Miniaturization: Fifth-generation computers continue to be miniaturized, with the development of smartphones,

tablets, and other portable devices. This allows for even greater mobility and accessibility.

• High-Performance Computing: Fifth-generation computers are capable of high-performance computing, including

simulations, data analytics, and other complex computations.
Components Of Computer System

• Central Processing Unit (CPU):

This is the brain of the computer system

that carries out the instructions given to it
by the software programs. It is responsible
for performing arithmetic and logical
operations, as well as controlling the other
components of the system.
• Random Access Memory (RAM):

This is the temporary storage space that the

CPU uses to store data and instructions
during processing. RAM is faster than
storage devices such as hard drives, but it is
also volatile, which means that data is lost
when the computer is turned off.
• Storage Devices:-

These are the devices used to store data and

files on the computer system. Examples
include hard disk drives, solid-state drives,
and flash drives.
• Input Devices:

These are the devices used to input data and

commands into the computer system.
Examples include keyboards, mouse,
touchscreens, and microphones.
• Output Devices:

These are the devices used to display or

output data and information from the
computer system. Examples include
monitors, printers, and speakers.
• Motherboard:

This is the main circuit board that connects

and controls all the components of the
computer system.
• Power Supply:

This is the component that provides power

to the other components of the computer
system.
• Graphics Processing Unit
(GPU):

This is a specialized processor that is

responsible for processing graphics and
images. It is especially important in gaming
and other applications that require high-
quality visuals.
• Network Interface Card (NIC):
This is a component that allows the
computer system to connect to a network,
such as the internet.
TYPES OF COMPUTER

• Personal Computers:-

These are general-purpose computers that

are designed for use by individuals. They
are usually desktop or laptop computers
running Windows, macOS, or Linux
operating systems.
TYPES OF COMPUTER

• Servers:-

These are powerful computers that are

designed to provide services and resources
to other computers on a network. They are
used to manage and store data, host
websites, and run applications.
TYPES OF COMPUTER

• Mainframes:-

These are large, powerful computers that

are used by large organizations to process
large amounts of data and run mission-
critical applications.
TYPES OF COMPUTER

• Supercomputers:-

These are the most powerful computers in

the world and are used for complex
scientific simulations and calculations.