Chapter Three

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Number System
• Number systems are the technique to represent
numbers in the computer architecture.
• Every values that you are saving or getting into/from
the computer memory has defined number system
Computer architecture support the following number
system
• Binary number system
• Octal number system
• Decimal number system
• Hexadecimal(hex)number system

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Binary Number System

•A Binary number system has only two digits that are 0

and 1.
•Every number (value) represents with 0 and 1 in this
number system.
•The base of binary number system is 2, because it has
only two digits.

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Octal Number System

• Octal number system has only eight (8) digits from 0 to

7.
•Every number (value) represents with 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7
in this number system.
•The base of octal number system is 8, because it has only
8 digits.

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Decimal Number system
Decimal number system has only ten (10) digits from 0
to 9.
Every number (value) represents with 0,1,2,3,4,5,6, 7,8
and 9 in this number system.
The base of decimal number system is 10, because it
has only 10 digits.

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Hexadecimal Number System
A Hexadecimal number system has sixteen (16)
alphanumeric values from 0 to 9 and A to F.
Every number (value) represents with 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,
7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E and F in this number system.
The base of hexadecimal number system is 16, because
it has 16 alphanumeric values.
Here A is 10, B is 11, C is 12, D is 13, E is 14 and F is 15.

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Number System Conversion
There are three types of conversion:
 Decimal Number System to Other Base
 Other Base to Decimal Number System
 Other Base to Other Base

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Number System…
• In computer science, there are four commonly used
bases - namely: base 2, base 8, base 10 and base 16. And
the number systems in these bases are binary, octal,
decimal and hexadecimal respectively.
• Note that: base n number system has n possible digits
and the digits are 0 to n-1
Summary of Number systems
Base Number System Possible
Symbols(digits)
2 Binary 0 and 1

8 Octal 0-7

10 Decimal 0-9

16 Hexadecimal 0-9 and A-F

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Number System…
Decimal Binary Octal Hexa-decimal

0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 10 2 2
3 11 3 3
4 100 4 4
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F
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Conversion from One Base to Another
A number that is represented in any base can be converted to
decimal using the following steps:
Therefore, the general form of the given number is:
X= an x 10n + … + a1x101+a0x100 + a-1 x 10-1 + … + a-m x 10-m
n

= ∑ ai x 10i
i= -m

•Step 1. Represent the given number in its general form

•Step 2. Using decimal arithmetic simplify the general form
•Example: convert the following numbers to decimal
•a) (101.1)2

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Conversion from One Base to Another
o Multiplication process
Solution
a(101.1)2 = 1x22 + 0x21 +1x20+1x2-1
= 1x4 + 0x2 + 1x1 + 1x ½
= 4 + 0 + 1 + 0.5
= (5.5)10
b) (101011)2
Solution
(101011)2=> 1 x 20 = 1
1 x 21 = 2
0 x 22 = 0
1 x 23 = 8
0 x 24 = 0
1 x 25 = 32
(43)10

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Conversion from One Base to Another
Example:The general form of the decimal number 852.37
is equal to
8x102 +5 x101+ 2x100 +3x10-1 + 7x10-2
Likewise, substituting any base in place of 10 will give
the general form of a number to that radix or base.
 Example: (3462)8=3x83 + 4x82 + 6x81 + 2x80

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Conversion from One Base to Another
Solution
c) (724)8
Solution
(724)8 => 4 x 80 = 4
2 x 81 = 16
7 x 82 = 448
(468)10
d) (ABC)16
Solution
(ABC)16 => C x 160 = 12 x 1 = 12
B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176
A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560
(2748)10
 

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Conversion from One Base to Another
Solution
c) (724)8
Solution
(724)8 => 4 x 80 = 4
2 x 81 = 16
7 x 82 = 448
(468)10
d) (ABC)16
Solution
(ABC)16 => C x 160 = 12 x 1 = 12
B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176
A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560
(2748)10
 

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Conversion from Base 10 to Another Bases

Step 1 Explained:
To convert a decimal integer to a base B integer number
1. Divide the given integer by the base B
2.Repeat step 1 until a 0 quotient is obtained.
Finally write the bits from bottom to top
Division process
Note for fraction part multiply by base and write the
bits from top to bottom(and take left side number) for
fraction after multiplication

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Conversion from Base 10 to Another Bases
Example: Convert
a) 125 to binary
Solution

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Conversion from Base 10 to Another Bases
b) 1234 to Octal
Solution

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Conversion from Base 10 to Another Bases
c) 1234 to hexadecimal
Solution

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Conversion from Base 10 to Another Bases
Example: convert the following decimal numbers to
binary
a) 3.14579

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Conversion from Base 10 to Another Bases
 b) (.65)10 to binary
 Solution
 .65 x 2 = 1.3
 .30 x 2 = 0.60
 .60 x 2 = 1.20
 .20 x 2 = 0.40
 .40 x 2 = 0.80
 .80 x 2 = 1.60
 .60 x 2 = 1.20
.
.
. ____

 Ans: (101001)

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Binary- to-Octal
Group the binary digits in triplets (three bits)
starting at the binary point to the right and to the
left and convert each of these to its octal equivalent
Independently simplify the general form of base.
You can add 0’s on the right for fractional part and left
for the integral part, if necessary, to form a complete
triplet
Example: Convert the following binary numbers to
octal
a) (1011010111)2
Solution

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Binary- to-Octal

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Octal-to-Binary
Write the binary triplets for each octal digits

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Binary-to-Hexadecimal
Group the binary digits in quadruplets (four bits)
starting at the binary point to the right and to the
left and convert each of these quadruplets to its
hexadecimal equivalent
you can add 0’s on the right for fractional number or
left for integral number, if necessary, to form a
complete quadruplets

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Binary-to-Hexadecimal

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Hexadecimal-to-Binary
Write the binary quadruplet for each hexadecimal digits

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Octal-to-Hexadecimal
This is equivalent to converting octal-to-binary
and then to-hexadecimal
Example: convert (1076)8 to hexadecimal

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Hexadecimal-to-Octal
This is equivalent to converting hexadecimal-
to-binary and then to-octal
Example: convert (1F0C) 16 to octal

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 Thank You
Question?????

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