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Number Pattern

This document defines and provides examples of different types of number patterns, including arithmetic sequences, geometric sequences, and special sequences like triangular, square, and cube numbers. It also explains the Fibonacci sequence and how any two successive Fibonacci numbers approach the golden ratio. The Fibonacci sequence can be extended infinitely in both the positive and negative directions. Finally, it describes Kaprekar's sequence, which involves subtracting the reversed digits of a two-digit number from the original number and repeating.

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686 views

Number Pattern

This document defines and provides examples of different types of number patterns, including arithmetic sequences, geometric sequences, and special sequences like triangular, square, and cube numbers. It also explains the Fibonacci sequence and how any two successive Fibonacci numbers approach the golden ratio. The Fibonacci sequence can be extended infinitely in both the positive and negative directions. Finally, it describes Kaprekar's sequence, which involves subtracting the reversed digits of a two-digit number from the original number and repeating.

Uploaded by

misflo
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Number pattern

By : Siti Zahrah binti Mohd Yatim & Wong Siew Fung ~ PPISMP RBT 2 JUN 2010 ~

Content
Definition of number patterns. Common number patterns. Fabonnasi Sequences. Kaprekars Sequences.

Definition Of Number Pattern


Number Pattern A list of numbers that follow a certain sequence or pattern. Example: 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, starts at 1 and jumps 3 every time. Example: 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, doubles each time.

Common Number Patterns


Numbers can have interesting patterns. Here we list the most common patterns and how they are made. Arithmetic Sequences An Arithmetic Sequence is made by adding some value each time. Examples: 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, ... This sequence has a difference of 3 between each number. The pattern is continued by adding 3 to the last number each time. 3, 8, 13, 18, 23, 28, 33, 38, ... This sequence has a difference of 5 between each number. The pattern is continued by adding 5 to the last number each time. The value added each time is called the "common difference" What is the common difference in this example? 19, 27, 35, 43, ...

Answer: The common difference is 8 The common difference could also be negative, like this: 25, 23, 21, 19, 17, 15, ... This common difference is -2 The pattern is continued by subtracting 2 each time. Geometric Sequences A Geometric Sequence is made by multiplying by some value each time. Examples: 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, ... This sequence has a factor of 2 between each number. The pattern is continued by multiplying the last number by 2 each time. 3, 9, 27, 81, 243, 729, 2187, ... This sequence has a factor of 3 between each number. The pattern is continued by multiplying the last number by 3 each time.

Special Sequences Triangular Numbers

1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45, ... This sequence is generated from a pattern of dots which form a triangle. By adding another row of dots and counting all the dots we can find the next number of the sequence:
Square Numbers 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, ... The next number is made by squaring where it is in the pattern. The second number is 2 squared (22 or 22) The seventh number is 7 squared (72 or 77) etc.

Cube Numbers
1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729, ... The next number is made by cubing where it is in the pattern. The second number is 2 cubed (23 or 222) The seventh number is 7 cubed (73 or 777) etc

Fibonacci Sequence
The Fibonacci Sequence is the series of numbers: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ... The next number is found by adding up the two numbers before it. The 2 is found by adding the two numbers before it (1+1) Similarly, the 3 is just (1+2), And the 5 is just (2+3), and so on!

Example: the next number in the sequence above would be (21+34) = 55 It is that simple! Here is a longer list: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584, 4181, 6765, 10946, 17711, 28657, 46368, 75025, 121393, 196418, 317811, ...

Can you figure out the next few numbers?

The Rule
The Fibonacci Sequence can be written as a "Rule" (see Sequences and Series): The Rule is xn = xn-1 + xn-2 where: xn is term number "n" xn-1 is the previous term (n-1) xn-2 is the term before that (n-2) The terms are numbered form 0 onwards like this: n = 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 ... xn = 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 ... Example: term 6 would be calculated like this: x6 = x6-1 + x6-2 = x5 + x4 = 5 + 3 = 8

Golden Ratio
And here is a surprise. If you take any two successive (one after the other) Fibonacci Numbers, their ratio is very close to the Golden Ratio "" which is approximately 1.618034... In fact, the bigger the pair of Fibonacci Numbers, the closer the approximation. Let us try a few:
A B B / A

2 3 5 8 144 233

3 5 8 13 233 377

1.5 1.666666666... 1.6 1.625 1.618055556... 1.618025751...

... Note: this also works if you pick two random whole numbers to begin the sequence, such as 192 and 16 (you would get the sequence 192, 16,

208, 224, 432, 656, 1088, 1744, 2832, 4576, 7408, 11984, 19392, 31376, ...):

Using The Golden Ratio to Calculate Fibonacci Numbers And even more surprising is this formula for calculating any Fibonacci Number using the Golden Ratio: Amazingly the answer always comes out as a whole number, exactly equal to the addition of the previous two terms. Example: When I used a calculator on this (only entering the Golden Ratio to 6 decimal places) I got the answer 8.00000033. A more accurate calculation would be closer to 8.

Terms Below Zero

The sequence can be extended backwards! Like this: n = ... -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 ... xn = ... -8 5 -3 2 -1 1 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 ...

(Prove to yourself that adding the previous two terms together still works!)

In fact the sequence below zero has the same numbers as the sequence above zero, except they follow a +-+- ... pattern. It can be written like this: xn = (1)n+1 xn Which says that term "-n" is equal to (1)n+1 times term "n", and the value (1)n+1 neatly makes the correct 1,-1,1,-1,... pattern.

Kaprekar's Sequence
This sequence is quite easy to work out, and it produces some interesting patterns. Get the children to carry out the process, looking for patterns in their work throughout. 1) Think of a two-digit number 28 2) Reverse the digits 82 3) Take the smaller number from the larger number 82 - 28 = 54 4) Using this answer, go to step 2 and repeat the process a number of times 54 - 45 = 9 90 - 09 = 81 81 - 18 = 63... We should soon recognise the links with the nine times table. This could then be used as a starting point for patterns within the nine times table.

if there are any numbers for which Kaprekar's sequence does not work (numbers with two digits which are the same - 11, 22, 33 etc.).

..thats all
thank you..

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