Topic for the class:

Module 5 : Operational Amplifiers

Date & Time :17/02/2020 11:00AM

Sri K Manohar
Assistant Professor,
Department of EECE
GITAM Institute of Technology (GIT)
Visakhapatnam – 530045.
Email: [email protected]

Dept of EECE, GIT , GITAM deemed to be University

Thursday, May 4, 2023 1
19EEE131 : Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering
 Textbooks

For Module V

Dept of EECE, GIT , GITAM deemed to be University

Thursday, May 4, 2023 2
19EEE131 : Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering
 Syllabus

• Introduction
• Ideal OP-AMP
• Inverting Configuration
• Non-inverting Configuration
• Voltage follower
• Difference amplifiers
• Applications of OP-AMP: Addition and
Subtraction
 Syllabus

• Operational Amplifiers:
• The Ideal Op-amp, The Inverting Configuration, The closed loop gain, Effect of Finite open-loop
gain, The Noninverting Configuration, The closed loop gain, Characteristics of Non-Inverting
Configuration, Effect of finite open loop gain, the voltage follower, Difference amplifiers, A Single
Op-amp difference amplifier.
• Learning Outcomes: After completion of this unit the student will be able to
• • list the characteristics of an ideal Op Amp (L1).
• • explain the Inverting and Noninverting configurations of Op-Amp (L2).
• • construct a single Op-amp difference amplifier (L3).
 Introduction
• An operational amplifier is a member of Linear integrated circuits.
• It is a high gain, negative feedback amplifier.
• It can perform mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction,
integration and differentiation.
• It is used in voltage regulators, oscillator circuits, pulse generators,
comparators, Analog to Digital and Digital to Analog converters, analog
computers etc.
• It is popularly known as OP-AMP.
• It can amplify both d.c and a.c input signals.
• It can amplify signals having frequency from 0Hz to 1MHz.
 Introduction
• Its internal circuit consists of many transistors, FET’s and resistors.
• It is also designed such that external components like resistors, capacitors etc., can be
connected to its terminals.
• A very popular OP-AMP IC is IC741.
• Wide spread applications of operational amplifiers are due to the use of negative feedback.
• Advantages of Using OP-AMP’s:
• small size
• Reduced cost
• Less power consumption
• Low offset voltage
 The Ideal Op-Amp

• (+) or ‘b’ is non-inverting terminal

• (-) or ‘a’ is inverting terminal
• ‘a’ and ‘b’ input terminals
• ‘c’ output terminals
• Positive voltage input V2 is applied to terminal ‘b’ and negative
voltage input V1 is applied to terminal ‘a’.
• Output voltage V0 = A(Vid) = A (V2-V1)
where A is the open loop gain of the amplifier
 The Ideal Op-Amp

• Output voltage V0 = A(Vid) = A (0-V1) = -AV1

 The Ideal Op-Amp

• Output voltage V0 = A(Vid) = A (V2 - 0) = AV2

The Ideal Op-Amp: equivalent circuit

• Equivalent circuit is helpful in analyzing the operating principle of OP-

AMP and in observing effects of feedback.
• Ri is the input resistance appearing between inverting and non-
inverting terminals.
• R0 is the output resistance which is Thevenin equivalent resistance
looking back from output terminals of OP-AMP.
• ‘AVid’ is the equivalent Thevenin voltage source.
 The Ideal Op-Amp: characteristics
Ideal OP-AMP has following characteristics:
• An infinite voltage gain. i.e. A =
• An infinite bandwidth. i.e. any frequency signal ranging 0 to
Hz can be amplified without any distortion.
• Infinite input resistance. i.e. Ri = . Hence, input current is zero and no loading effect. OP-AMP
is a voltage controlled device.
• Zero output resistance. i.e. R0 = 0. Hence, V0 is independent of the output resistance.
• Output voltage is zero (V0 = 0) when equal inputs are applied across input terminals (V1 = V2).
• When input signal voltage is zero, the output signal will also be zero.
• Common mode rejection ratio (CMRR)is infinite.
• Infinite slew rate. i.e. change in output voltage occurs simultaneously with the input voltage
changes.
The Ideal Op-Amp: characteristics
 The Ideal Op-Amp: Transfer characteristics

• Voltage transfer characteristic curve is drawn between input (Vid) and output (V0) voltages.
• Saturation of output voltage takes place once the differential input voltage ‘Vid’ reaches a threshold
voltage ‘Vth’.
• The saturation voltage is approximately equal to supply voltage for all practical considerations.
• Slope of the curve represents the gain ‘A’.
The Inverting Configuration: Open Loop

 Input signal is applied to inverting input terminal.

 The non-inverting terminal is grounded. i.e. V 2 = 0.

 Output voltage V0 = AOL(Vid) = AOL (0-V1) = - AOLV1.

Where AOL is open loop voltage gain which is very high.
 The negative sign indicates that output is 180 0 out of phase with respect to input.
 As AOL is very high and –Vsat < V0 < Vsat,

 Hence V0 oscillates between +Vsat and -Vsat.

 Hence, very small input voltages drives the output to saturation level.
 So, only the small signals of the order of micro volts can only be amplified accurately without
distortion.
 Signals of high amplitudes can be applied by using feedback in the OP-AMP.
 The Inverting Configuration: Closed Loop

• Figure shows basic inverting amplifier with feedback resistance R f . In this

mode positive input terminal is grounded and the signal is applied to the
negative terminal.
• V1 may be a d.c. or a.c. voltage signal with in the bandwidth of amplifier.
• Output signal is fed back to the inverting input terminal through feedback
resistance Rf .
• The feedback current is algebraically added point G.
• The point G, although not connected to ground, but is held virtually at
ground potential irrespective of V1 and V0.
 The Inverting Configuration: Closed Loop

• At point G, i1= i2.

• Output voltage
• Closed loop gain
• If Rf = R1 = 1, then A = -1, and the amplifier is called unity gain
amplifier with 1800 phase inversion.
 Concept of virtual ground

• We know V0 = A (V+- V-) = A (Vid)

• Gain of the amplifier is of order of 2X105
• Let us take the output voltage V0 = 10V
• V0 =10 = 2X105(Vid)
• Hence, Vid =
• Vid = V+- V- = 0
• V+ =Vi and V- = 0 as it is grounded.
• Hence, Vi = 0 and point G acts as virtual ground.
 The Non-inverting Configuration: Open Loop

 Input signal is applied to non-inverting input terminal.

 The inverting terminal is grounded. i.e. V1 = 0.
 Output voltage V0 = AOL(Vid) = AOL (V2 –V1) = AOLV2.
Where AOL is open loop voltage gain which is very high.
 The output is in phase with respect to input.
 As AOL is very high and –Vsat < V0 < Vsat,
 Hence V0 oscillates between +Vsat and -Vsat.
 Hence, very small input voltages drives the output to saturation level.
 So, only the small signals of the order of micro volts can only be amplified accurately without
distortion.
 Signals of high amplitudes can be applied by using feedback in the OP-AMP.
 The Non-inverting Configuration: Closed Loop

• Figure shows basic non-inverting amplifier with feedback resistance R f . In

this mode negative input terminal is grounded through R 1and the signal is
applied to the positive terminal.
• Output signal is fed back to the inverting input terminal through feedback
resistance Rf .
• The potential of point G, Vi= V+= V2
• The feedback current is algebraically added point G.
• Voltage across R1 is equal to V2 and Rf is (V0 –V2).
 The Non-inverting Configuration: Closed Loop

• At point G, i1= i2.

• ,
• Output voltage
• Closed loop gain
• A is always positive and greater than one and acts as positive
scaler.
 Voltage follower

• In this circuit Rf = 1,
• V0 = V i = V 2
• Voltage gain Av = 1.
• Output voltage is equal and in phase with the input and the OP-
AMP circuit acts as a voltage follower.
• It is also called as source follower, isolating amplifier and buffer
amplifier.
 Differential amplifiers: Open loop

• A differential amplifier amplifies the difference between two

voltages V1 and V2 applied at both input terminals.
• Their amplified difference appears at the output terminal.
• The main advantage of differential amplifiers is noise appearing
at both input terminals does not appear at output terminal.
• V0 = A(V2-V1)
 Differential amplifiers: Closed loop

• It is a combination of inverting and non-inverting amplifiers.

• To calculate output voltage super position theorem is applied.
• Vout is equal to sum of the individual responses of Vin1 and Vin2.
• i.e Vout = Vout1 + Vout2
 Differential amplifiers: Closed loop

• Calculation of Vout1:
• as Ri is infinitely large, V1 acts as virtual ground and is equal to
zero.
• , but
 Differential amplifiers: Closed loop

• Calculation of Vout2:
• as Ri is infinitely large, V1 V2 =
• , and substituting V1=V2

• If R2=R1 and R3 = Rf , then

 Differential amplifiers: Closed loop

• Vout = Vout1 + Vout2

• The differential voltage gain

 Adder or Summing amplifier:

• In analog computers OP-AMP circuits are used as summing

amplifier circuit.
• Figure shows three input summing amplifier circuit.
• In the circuit

• If R1=R2=R3=R and substituting Vi= 0 (Virtual ground)

• If R= 3Rf , the same circuit can be used for averaging and

 subtraction or difference amplifier:

• The function of subtractor is to provide an output which is equal

to or proportional to difference of two signals.
• let V01 and V02 be the output voltages produced by V1 and V2
individually.
• and .
• If then

• If Rf =R1, then Thus output is difference of two input signals.

Thursday, May 4, 2023 Dept of EECE, GIT , GITAM deemed to be University 19EEE131 : Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 29
Thursday, May 4, 2023 Dept of EECE, GIT , GITAM deemed to be University 19EEE131 : Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 30
Thursday, May 4, 2023 Dept of EECE, GIT , GITAM deemed to be University 19EEE131 : Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering 31