Lecture 9

INTRODUCTION TO
ENGINEERING DESIGN
College of Engineering
Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University
1
LECTURE 8
HUMAN FACTORS
IN ENGINEERING DESIGN
2019-2020
2
WHAT IS HUMAN FACTORS IN DESIGN?
• Considering information about human behavior, abilities,
characteristics and physical limits
• Ensuring that the final product can be effectively utilized by
the end user, without exceeding their capabilities
• ‘Fitting the Job to the Man’ rather than ‘Fitting the Man to
the Job’
• Optimizing Efficiency, Health, Safety and Comfort of people
through better designs
3 3
Human factors Must be considered during
the design phase:
“You can use an eraser on the drafting

table or a sledge-hammer on the
construction site.”
Frank Lloyd Wright (Architect)
4 4
Importance of Human Factors in Design
• Improve productivity Ease and Efficiency

• Improve safety
• Improve comfort
• Improve satisfaction
• Decrease errors
• Reduce fatigue Human factors
• Reduce the learning curve

• Meet user’s needs and wants
• Positive perception of product
Man* Machine*
5
Difficulties of Human Factors
• Humans are flexible and

adaptable
• Large individual
differences
• Obvious differences:
Physical size and
strength
• Non-obvious
differences:
culture*, style, and skill
6
Forms of Human Factors
1. Anthropometric Anthropometric
(Human interaction in static sense;
dimensions of body)
2. Ergonomics
Ergonomic
(Human interaction in dynamic
sense; repeated tasks)
3. Physiological
(Human interaction with body
characteristics) Physiological
4. Psychological
(Human interaction with mental
activities)
Psychological
7 7
1. ANTHROPOMETRIC FACTORS Anthropometric
Anthropometric human factors are Ergonomics
related to the physical size of humans;

it is man-machine interaction in static Physiological
sense
Psychological
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1. ANTHROPOMETRIC FACTORS
Adequate attention to the nature

of the physical dimensions of
humans
• Design for • Design for

Adjustability Average
• Design for • Design for
all Extreme
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1. ANTHROPOMETRIC FACTORS
Statistical distribution Cumulative distribution diagram
(relative frequency) diagram is an alternative method to
for the height of people present the same information
• The peak in the relative frequency diagram is often close

to the average value
• By designing for the average person we often exclude
50% of the population
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1. Anthropometric Factors example
Being able to see an obstacle of height h at a

minimum distance L from the front of the car*
The average
95
50
5
11
2. Ergonomic Factors
Anthropometric
Ergonomics
Greek Words: Ergon = work, Nomos = law
Ergonomics= Study of Work Laws
Physiological
• The three aspects of ergonomic factors:

Safety, comfort and efficiency Psychological
• Importance when the human is involved with

the machine in a dynamic sense
• A human is required to exert a force or
perhaps supply work to the machine
• The effective operation of a machine over
long periods of time will depend upon the
matching of requirements to human capability
12
The capability for performing
many tasks depends on:
• The physical ability of the

operator
• The range of movement
required
• The speed of movement
• The duration of the activity
• The position of the operator
• The environmental
condition
13
Ergonomic Factors
(Aircraft Instrument Panel Example)
• First, determine functions inter-relationships and
their relative values
• A useful measure of the relative value of a
relationship is the product of the importance of the
particular event by the frequency of occurrence
If these can be
established the designer
has a logic available to
assist in planning the
display
14
Aircraft Instrument Panel
(Importance and Frequency)
Instrument Duration of No. of Relative

observation observations value
(sec) per min.
Cross pointer 0 0 0 Air speed, Directional

Gyro, and Gyro. Horizon
Air speed 0.67 22 14.7** are the most important
Directional 0.51 24 12.2* and must be very visible
Gyro and close to each other
Gyro. 0.59 26 15.3***
Horizon
Engine 1. 13 5 5.6
Instrmnts
Altimeter 0.47 10 4.7
Turn and 0.39 5 2.0
Bank
Vertical 0.17 12 5.6
Speed
15
3. Physiological Factors Anthropometric
• Factors dealing with human sensations Ergonomics
• These involve the neurological,

muscular, respiratory, vascular and Physiological
sensory systems
Psychological
• They can be grouped according to the

response to various inputs such as:
 Visual
 Auditory
 Tactile (the sense of touch)
 Kinesthetic (detecting body position)
 Taste senses*
 Environment
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Physiological Factors (examples)
• Color • Noise
• Light • Speech
Vision Hearing
Weather Touch
• Temp. • Braille
• Humidity • Comfort
17
Physiological Factors
• It is necessary to achieve satisfactory intensity and color
discrimination and resolution
• Need careful design of lighting systems and selection of
materials and colors
• Consider the frequency analysis of the sounds
• Control the noise at its source
• The sense of touch is of great value in various recognition
situations (e.g., Braille printing)
• The atmospheric environment in which the human performs
his tasks may considerably affect his
working efficiency and accuracy
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4. Psychological Factors Anthropometric
They are concerned with the mental activity Ergonomics
of the human during the use of the product.

Physiological
Psychological
This involves:
• Interpretation of information
• Motivation and fatigue
• Decision making
• Aesthetics (philosophy of art)
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Psychological Factors
• Use presentations which will lead to
minimum error of interpretation
• Retain the usual method of operation
(e.g., a power switch is ON when the
operating lever is DOWN
• Use digital indicators for precise
numerical values
• Use color coding on dials for fast
recognition: green-normal, yellow-
caution, red-danger
• Arrange control movement in a logical
manner
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INTRODUCTION TO

“You can use an eraser on the drafting

• Improve productivity Ease and Efficiency

• Reduce the learning curve

• Humans are flexible and

Anthropometric human factors are Ergonomics

related to the physical size of humans;

Adequate attention to the nature

• Design for • Design for

• The peak in the relative frequency diagram is often close

Being able to see an obstacle of height h at a

• The three aspects of ergonomic factors:

• Importance when the human is involved with

• The physical ability of the

Instrument Duration of No. of Relative

Cross pointer 0 0 0 Air speed, Directional

• Factors dealing with human sensations Ergonomics

• These involve the neurological,

• They can be grouped according to the

They are concerned with the mental activity Ergonomics

of the human during the use of the product.

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