CPEN 100:MICROPROCESSOR AND

MICROCONTROLLER SYSTEMS
TOPIC OUTLINES:
 WHAT IS TRANSISTOR, IC, PC AND SUPERCOMPUTER?
 HISTORY OF MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCONTROLLER
 TYPES OF MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCONTROLLER
 APPLICATIONS OF MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCONTROLLER
 WHAT IS MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCONTROLLER
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCONTROLLER
Transistors

 Vacuum Tubes: A devise to control, modify,

and amplify electric signals
 Then came the transistors
 Designed by John Bardeen, William
Shockley, and Walter Brattain, scientists
at the Bell Telephone Laboratories in
Murray Hill, New Jersey - 1947
 In 1960 Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce
designed the first integrated circuit (IC)
 Fairchild company manufactured logic gates
Integrated Circuits

 Advances in manufacturing allowed

packing more transistors on a single
chip
 Transistors and Integrated Circuits
from SSI (Small-Scale Integration) to
ULSI
 Birth of a microprocessor and its
revolutionary impact
Personal Computers
 Any general-purpose computer
 intended to be operated directly by an end user
 Range from small microcomputers that work with 4-
bit words to PCs working with 32-bit words or more
 They contain a Processor - called different names
 Microprocessor – built using Very-Large-Scale Integration
technology; the entire circuit is on a single chip
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Microprocessor Unit (MPU) – similar to CPU
 Supercomputers

 Fastest and most powerful mainframes

 Contain multiple central processors (CPU)
 Used for scientific applications, and number crunching
 Now have teraflops performance
 FLoating Point Operations Per Second (FLOPS)
 Used to measure the speed f the computer
 Examples of special-purpose supercomputers:
 Belle, Deep Blue, and Hydra, for playing chess
 Reconfigurable computing machines or parts of machines
 GRAPE, for astrophysics and molecular dynamics
 Deep Crack, for breaking the DES cipher
 MDGRAPE-3, for protein structure computation
Evolution of CPUs

In 1965, Gordon Moore, co-founder of Intel, indicated that the number of transistors per square
inch on integrated circuits had doubled every year since the integrated circuit was invented.
Moore predicted that this trend would continue for the foreseeable future.
HISTORY OF MICROPROCESSOR
INTRODUCTION:
 FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR engineer Robert Noyce developed the first Monolithic IC in 1959,
which was a single piece of silicon that contained multiple transistors and other components.
 In July 1968, Robert Noyce, Gordan more, Andrew Grove resigned from Fairchild semiconductors and
created the famous INTEL CORPORATION.
 It grew up as a startup in 1968 to industrial giant by 1981.
EVOLUTION OF INTEL PROCESSOR
FIGURE 1. INTEL’S HISTORY OF INNOVATION
Figure 3. Intel’s x86 Processors
4-bit processors
108/500/740 kHz.
8-bit processors
16-bit processors
32-bit processors
64-bit processors
HISTORY OF THE INTEL PROCESSORS (1971-2019)
HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=PVNSBTD11QM
AMD RYZEN PROCESSOR FAMILIES
- In 1969, Walter Jeremiah sanders established Advanced Micro Services, inc. (AMD), A
multinational company that produces semiconductor devices for computer processing. in addition
to microprocessors, the company manufactures flash memories, graphics processors,
motherboard chip sets, and other components used in consumer electronics products. AMD is a
major player in the microprocessor industry and is headquartered in Santa Clara, California. it is
intel main competitor in processor industries.
AMD RYZEN PROCESSOR FAMILIES
1. AMD RYZEN 1000 SERIES PROCESSOR(2017)
They are the first AMD processors based on the ZEN architecture developed under the
14nm lithograph. these processors introduced major architectural changes from previous
generations. furthermore, they are the first modular processors based on sets of cores.
AMD RYZEN PROCESSOR FAMILIES
2. AMD RYZEN 2000 SERIES PROCESSOR(2018)
These Ryzen 2000 processors are based on the ZEN + architecture and 12nm lithograph
by GlobalFoundries. the lithography improvement over the company's early processors, in
addition to correcting some problems.
AMD RYZEN PROCESSOR FAMILIES
3. AMD RYZEN 3000 SERIES PROCESSOR(2019)
These AMD processors are based on the ZEN2 architecture and TSMC 7nm lithograph.
its main feature is a big leap in performance over previous generations. in addition to
increasing performance, the consumption of the processors is significantly improved.
AMD RYZEN PROCESSOR FAMILIES
4. AMD RYZEN 4000 SERIES PROCESSOR(2020)
These are built on the industry-leading 7nm process and “ZEN 2” core architecture,
offering unmatched user experiences and power efficiency in the state-of-the art AMD
socket AM4 platform.
AMD RYZEN PROCESSOR FAMILIES
5. AMD RYZEN 5000 SERIES PROCESSOR(2020)
These processors are based on the architecture ZEN3 and 7nm + lithography from TSMC.
these processors are characterized by offering an IPC improvement of 19% over ZEN2
architecture processors (Ryzen 3000). they improve in frequencies and focus directly on
gaming.
AMD RYZEN PROCESSOR FAMILIES
6. AMD RYZEN 5000 G SERIES PROCESSOR(2021)
It features integrated Radeon graphics, targeted towards budget desktops.
AMD RYZEN PROCESSOR FAMILIES
7. AMD RYZEN 6000 SERIES PROCESSOR(2022)
It features improvements in power efficiency, cache size, and memory support. these
processors used the new ZEN 4 architecture and were the first to feature support for
DDR5 memory.

-Overall, the Ryzen processor has undergone significant improvements in performance,

power efficiency, and manufacturing processes, making it a serious contender to Intel's
offerings. AMD has also expanded its product line to cater to a wide range of computing
needs, from mobile devices to desktops, and from budget to high-performance
computing.
AMD RYZEN EVOLUTION [2017-2022] | AMD ZEN CPU’S
HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=D0WC2H6JFRO
HISTORY OF MICROCONTROLLER
 TMS 1000 of Texas Instruments became commercially available in 1974,
contained a 4-bit processor, read-only memory (ROM) and random-access
memory (RAM).
 The MCS-48 is a family of microcontrollers introduced by Intel in 1976. It
includes several different models, including the 8048, 8035, 8039, and 8049.
These microcontrollers are 8-bit devices with on-chip ROM, RAM, and I/O ports,
as well as a programmable timer and an interrupt controller.
 The first PIC (Peripheral Interface Controller) microcontroller was introduced by
Microchip Technology in 1976. It’s first 8-bit microcontroller (MCU), was
the PIC1650.
HISTORY OF MICROCONTROLLER
 In 2005, Massimo Banzi, with David Mellis, another IDII(Interaction Design
Institute Ivrea student), and David Cuartielles, extended Wiring by adding support
for the cheaper ATmega8 microcontroller. The new project, forked from Wiring,
was called Arduino.
 Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and
software.
 It aims to provide a low-cost and easy way for novices and professionals to create
devices that interact with their environment using sensors and actuators.
 The first widely distributed Arduino board, the Diecimila, was released in 2007,
and since its initial release the Arduino family has evolved to take advantage of the
various types of Atmel AVR MCU devices.
TYPES OF MICROPROCESSORS:
1. INTEL X86: THIS IS ONE OF THE MOST POPULAR MICROPROCESSORS USED IN PERSONAL
COMPUTERS AND SERVERS. IT HAS A WIDE RANGE OF APPLICATIONS, FROM DESKTOP
COMPUTERS TO HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING.

FIGURE 4: SAMPLE OF INTEL I7 MICROPROCESSOR

TYPES OF MICROPROCESSORS:
2. ARM(ADVANCED RISC MACHINE): THIS MICROPROCESSOR IS COMMONLY USED IN
SMARTPHONES, TABLETS, AND OTHER MOBILE DEVICES DUE TO ITS LOW POWER
CONSUMPTION AND HIGH PERFORMANCE.

FIGURE 5: SAMPLE OF ARM MICROPROCESSOR

TYPES OF MICROPROCESSORS:
3. POWERPC: THIS MICROPROCESSOR IS USED IN EMBEDDED SYSTEMS, NETWORKING
EQUIPMENT, AND GAME CONSOLES.

FIGURE 6: SAMPLE OF INTEL I7 MICROPROCESSOR

TYPES OF MICROPROCESSORS:
4. RISC-V: THIS IS AN OPEN-SOURCE MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE THAT CAN BE USED IN
A WIDE RANGE OF APPLICATIONS, INCLUDING EMBEDDED SYSTEMS, SERVERS, AND
SUPERCOMPUTERS.

FIGURE 7: EXAMPLE OF RISC-V(NVIDIA DEEP LEARNING ACCELERATOR)

TYPES OF MICROCONTROLLERS:
1. 8051: THIS IS A POPULAR 8-BIT MICROCONTROLLER THAT IS COMMONLY USED IN EMBEDDED
SYSTEMS, ROBOTICS, AND INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION.

FIGURE 8:ATMEL AT89S52(MICROCONTROLLER)

TYPES OF MICROCONTROLLERS:
2. PIC(PERIPHERAL INTERFACE CONTROLLER): THIS IS A FAMILY OF MICROCONTROLLERS
DEVELOPED BY MICROCHIP TECHNOLOGY THAT IS WIDELY USED IN VARIOUS APPLICATIONS
SUCH AS AUTOMOTIVE, CONSUMER ELECTRONICS, AND MEDICAL DEVICES.

FIGURE 9: SAMPLE PIC BOARD

TYPES OF MICROCONTROLLERS:
3. AVR(ADVANCED VIRTUAL RISC): THIS IS A FAMILY OF MICROCONTROLLERS DEVELOPED BY
ATMEL THAT IS COMMONLY USED IN VARIOUS APPLICATIONS SUCH AS HOME AUTOMATION,
ROBOTICS, AND AUTOMOTIVE.

FIGURE 10: ATMEGA32 KIT

TYPES OF MICROCONTROLLERS:
4. ARM CORTEX-M: THIS IS A FAMILY OF MICROCONTROLLERS BASED ON THE ARM
ARCHITECTURE THAT IS COMMONLY USED IN VARIOUS APPLICATIONS SUCH AS INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL, INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT), AND CONSUMER ELECTRONICS.

FIGURE 11: DIE OF 24 MHZ ARM CORTEX-M3 MICROCONTROLLER

 APPLICATIONS OF MICROPROCESSOR
1. Personal computers
2. Communications
3. Consumer electronics
4. Medical devices
5. Aerospace systems and defense
6. Automotive systems
7. Industrial automation
8. Robotics
 APPLICATIONS OF MICROCONTROLLER
1. INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) Devices
2. Automotive systems
3. Home automation systems
4. Medical devices
5. Industrial automation
6. Consumer electronics
7. Robotics
8 .Teaching
Microprocessors

 Is a controlling unit wrapped inside a

small chip.
 It performs Arithmetic Logic Unit
operation and communicate with other
devices connected with it.
 It is a single integrated circuit in which
several functions are combined.
Microcontroller

 Is a chip optimized to control

electronic devices.
 It contains memory, processor and
programmable I/O.
 It is stored in a single integrated circuit
which is dedicated to performing a
specific task and execute a specific
application.
 It is specifically designed circuit for
embedded applications and is widely
used in automatically controlled
electronic devices.
Figure 12: Block Diagram of Microprocessor and Microcontroller
Neumann
REFERENCES:
ABOUT AMD
HTTPS://HARDWARESFERA.COM/EN/ARTICULOS/AMD-RYZEN/
HTTPS://WWW.AMD.COM/EN.HTML
ABOUT INTEL
HTTPS://WWW.SELECTYOURDEALS.COM/INTEL-PROCESSOR-LIST/
HTTPS://WWW.INTEL.COM/CONTENT/WWW/US/EN/HOMEPAGE.HTML
ANTONAKOS, J. L. (1999). AN INTRODUCTION TO THE INTEL FAMILY OF MICROPROCESSORS: A
HANDS-ON APPROACH UTILIZING THE 80X86 MICROPROCESSOR FAMILY (3RD ED.). PRENTICE
HALL.
ABOUT RISC AND CISC
HTTPS://WWW.TECHTARGET.COM/WHATIS/DEFINITION/RISC-REDUCED-INSTRUCTION-SET-
COMPUTER
REFERENCES:
ABOUT MICROCONTROLLER
HTTPS://WWW.MICROCHIP.COM/EN-US/EDUCATION/DEVELOPER-HELP/LEARN-PRODUCTS/MCU-M
PU/8BIT-PIC/SUMMARY#
HTTPS://WWW.TI.COM/
HTTPS://DOCS.ARDUINO.CC/LEARN/STARTING-GUIDE/WHATS-ARDUINO
ABOUT MICROPROCESSOR
HTTPS://ECOMPUTERCONCEPTS.COM/EVOLUTION-OF-MICROPROCESSORS/
HTTPS://ELECTRONICSDESK.COM/MICROPROCESSOR.HTML