Chromosomes, Dna Structure Cell Cycle and Cell Division: Presented By: Dr. M. Prince Sarala Birla Academy, Bangalore

CHROMOSOMES, DNA STRUCTURE
CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION

Presented by:
Dr. M. Prince
Sarala Birla Academy,
Bangalore
1. CHROMOSOMES
2. DNA STRUCTURE
3. CELL DIVISION – MITOSIS & MEIOSIS
4. Cell Cycle
5. Regulation of the Cell Cycle

CHROMOSOMES & DNA
CHROMOSOMES
• It’s the process by which a cell divides to form two new cells
— Mitosis
• Cell or organism growth
• Replacement or repair of damaged cells
— Meiosis
• formation of sex cells, or gametes
• Cells divide for growth, development, repair of worn-out tissues and
reproduction
• To facilitate the exchange of materials
• To control DNA overloading

EUKARYOTIC CELL DIVISION
• Cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same
number and kind of chromosomes as the parent cell
1. MITOSIS
• Two (2) main steps:
1. Mitosis
Fours steps; [Prophase>Metaphase>Anaphase>Telophase]
2. Cytokinesis
Cytoplasm divides forming two new daughter cells
• Each daughter cell is Genetically Identical to parent cell

• Cell division that results in four daughter cells
2. MEIOSIS
• Two (2) major steps:
1. Mitosis
Fours steps; [Prophase>Metaphase>Anaphase>Telophase]
2. Cytokinesis
Cytoplasm divides forming two new daughter cells
• Each daughter cell is NOT Genetically Identical to parent cell

THE CELL CYCLE
• The sequence of events from the time a cell first arises as a result of cell division
until the time when that cell itself divides.
• Arise – Divide
• This consist of periods of;

• Growth and Development
• DNA Replication
• Preparation For Division
• Cell Division
• Cell after division begins a new cycle

The Cell Cycle
• Consist of two(2) main
periods;
G1 phase
I. Interphase
II. Mitotic Phase M phase
S
phase
G2
phase
CELL CYCLE - Interphase
• Interphase: period of growth and DNA
replication between cell divisions
• Three (3) phases:

• G1 Phase Centrioles
‒ Cell
increases in size Nuclear membrane
• S Phase Nucleolus
‒ Replication of DNA
‒ Two sister strands of DNA called chromatids
are produced Chromosomes
• G2 Phase
‒ Organelles double
‒ New cytoplasm forms
‒ All other structures needed for mitosis form
CELL CYCLE
G1 phase
M phase
S phase
G2 phase
• Mitotic phase is the stage when a cell divides
• Mitosis – the division of a single nucleus into two genetically

identical daughter nuclei
• This division involves two(2) processes;

‒ Division of the nucleus
‒ Separation of the cytoplasm and the new nuclei into daughter
cells
• Divided into two (2) mitotic phases
• 1st MP contain four stages (P-MAT)

‒ Prophase, metaphase, anaphase and
telophase
• 2nd MP is cytokinesis
Interphase 1 2
1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase 3
4
• P-MAT
Cytokinesis
Centrioles
Nuclear membrane
Nucleolus
Chromatids
Early Prophase:
• Chromatids condense becoming
chromosomes
Centrioles
Spindle made of
• Nucleolus disappears microtubules
• Centrioles separate and start moving Chromatids

connected by a
to opposite ends of the cell centromere.
• Spindle begins to
form
Late Prophase:
• The nuclear membrane
fragments and the centrioles
microtubules invade the Microtubules
nuclear area form a complete
spindle
• Centrioles have moved to the chromatids

opposite poles
centrioles
• The spindle is completely

formed
Metaphase:
In metaphase; Centrioles
• The chromosomes are aligned

Chromosomes
at the metaphase plate
• Centrioles move at polar ends Spindle

composed of
and projects spindle fibers to
connect each chromosome microtubules
Anaphase:
In anaphase;
Chromatids are
• The paired chromosomes being pulled to
opposite sides of
(sister chromatids) separate the cell.
• Separated chromatids move

Shortening of the
microtubules
to opposite pole
• Partial division of cytoplasm

begins
Telophase:
In telophase;
Nuclear
• Chromosomes are at the membrane
poles is returning
• Chromosomes uncoil-turn
chromatin
• Nuclear envelops reforms
• Spindle fiber disappear

Cytokinesis:
• Occurs at the end of mitosis
• Animal cells: a cleavage furrow

separates the daughter cells
• Plant cell: a cell plate separates the

daughter cells
• Daughter cells are genetically

Cells return to interphase
identical
Mitosis
A
SELF QUIZ
1. Name the phases

E
starting at the
top. C
B D
Design an Education Game from Here
Name the phases:
1. Identify W
w
Sister Chromatid z
2. Identify X
Spindle fibre
3. Identify Y
Centriole
4. Identify Z
Centromere
Name this phase
and provide
brief description
Telophas
e
CELL DIVISION
• Regulatory proteins called cyclins control the cell cycle at
checkpoints:
• G1 Checkpoint—decides whether or not cell will divide
• S Checkpoint—determines if DNA has been properly

replicated
• Mitotic Spindle Checkpoint—ensures chromosomes are aligned at

mitotic plate

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CHROMOSOMES, DNA STRUCTURE

CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION

3. CELL DIVISION – MITOSIS & MEIOSIS

5. Regulation of the Cell Cycle

• To facilitate the exchange of materials

• To control DNA overloading

• Each daughter cell is Genetically Identical to parent cell

• Each daughter cell is NOT Genetically Identical to parent cell

• This consist of periods of;

• Cell after division begins a new cycle

• Three (3) phases:

• Mitosis – the division of a single nucleus into two genetically

• This division involves two(2) processes;

• 1st MP contain four stages (P-MAT)

• Centrioles separate and start moving Chromatids

• Centrioles have moved to the chromatids

• The spindle is completely

• The chromosomes are aligned

• Centrioles move at polar ends Spindle

• Separated chromatids move

• Partial division of cytoplasm

• Nuclear envelops reforms

• Spindle fiber disappear

• Animal cells: a cleavage furrow

• Plant cell: a cell plate separates the

• Daughter cells are genetically

1. Name the phases

• G1 Checkpoint—decides whether or not cell will divide

• S Checkpoint—determines if DNA has been properly

• Mitotic Spindle Checkpoint—ensures chromosomes are aligned at

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