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This document discusses several concepts and problems related to the second law of thermodynamics: 1. It is impossible to convert all heat into an equal amount of work in a cyclic process. Some heat will always be rejected to the surroundings. 2. A problem involves calculating the thermal efficiency and heat rejection rate of a heat engine given the heat input and power output. 3. Another problem asks if it is possible to return to the initial state through an adiabatic process given the heat absorbed and work done by a system.

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Agilan Chellaram
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94 views64 pages

Untitled

This document discusses several concepts and problems related to the second law of thermodynamics: 1. It is impossible to convert all heat into an equal amount of work in a cyclic process. Some heat will always be rejected to the surroundings. 2. A problem involves calculating the thermal efficiency and heat rejection rate of a heat engine given the heat input and power output. 3. Another problem asks if it is possible to return to the initial state through an adiabatic process given the heat absorbed and work done by a system.

Uploaded by

Agilan Chellaram
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Module 4

Second Law of Thermodynamics


Kelvin-Plank statement

• It is impossible to construct a heat engine


which will convert all heat energy into equal
amount of work in a cyclic process. All heat
cannot be converted into work. Some heat will
be rejected to the surroundings.
Carnot’s cycle
Carnot’s cycle
Problem
• A heat engine receives heat at the rate of
1500 kJ/min and gives an output of 8.2 kW.
Determine
i) Thermal efficiency
ii) Rate of heat rejection
Problem
During a process a system receives 30 kJ of heat
from a reservoir and does 60 kJ of work. Is it
possible to reach initial state by an adiabatic
process?
Problem

• Find the co-efficient of performance and heat


transfer rate in the condenser of a refrigerator
in kJ/h which has a refrigeration capacity of
12000 kJ/h when power input is 0.75 kW.
Problem

A domestic food refrigerator maintains a


temperature of -120C. The ambient air
temperature is 350C. If heat leaks into the
freezer at the continuous rate of 2 kJ/S
determine the least power necessary to pump
this heat out continuously.
Problem

A house requires 2 x 105 kJ/h for heating in


winter. Heat pump is used to absorb heat from
cold air outside in winter and send heat to the
house. Work required to operate the heat pump
is 3 x 104 kJ/h. Determine
i) Heat abstracted from outside
ii) Co-efficient of performance
Problem
Problem

A cyclic heat engine operates between a source


temperature of 10000C and a sink temperature
of 400C. Find the least rate of heat rejection per
kW net output of the engine.
Problem
A fish freezing plant requires 40 tons of
refrigeration. The freezing temperature is -350C
while the ambient temperature is 300C. If the
performance of the plant is 20% of the
theoretical reversed Carnot cycle working within
the same temperature limits, calculate the
power required.
Problem

Source 1 can supply energy at the rate of 12000


kJ/min at 3200C. A second source 2 can supply
energy at the rate of 120000 kJ/min at 700C.
Which source (1 or 2) would you choose to
supply energy to an ideal reversible heat engine
that is to produce large amount of power if the
temperature of the surroundings is 350C?
Source 2 is selected even though efficiency in this case is
lower, because the criterion for selection is the larger
output.
Entropy

• Entropy is a function of a quantity of heat which


shows the possibility of conversion of heat into work.
• Increase in entropy is small when heat is added at a
high temperature and is greater when heat addition
is made at a lower temperature.
• For maximum entropy there is minimum availability
for conversion into work and for minimum entropy
there is maximum availability for conversion into
work.
Problem

An iron cube at a temperature of 4000C is


dropped into an insulated bath containing 10 kg
water at 250C. The water finally reaches a
temperature of 500C at steady state. Given that
the specific heat of water is equal to Cpw = 4186
J/kg K. Find the entropy changes for the iron
cube and the water.

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