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PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS Chapter 2

This chapter discusses kinematics, which is the description of motion without consideration of its causes. It focuses on one-dimensional or linear motion along a straight line. Key concepts covered include displacement, velocity, acceleration, and motion under constant acceleration. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate displacement, velocity, acceleration, and position given the variables of motion. The chapter establishes the foundation for understanding one-dimensional motion which is important for physics and engineering applications.

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Leo Prince Gicana
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107 views30 pages

PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS Chapter 2

This chapter discusses kinematics, which is the description of motion without consideration of its causes. It focuses on one-dimensional or linear motion along a straight line. Key concepts covered include displacement, velocity, acceleration, and motion under constant acceleration. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate displacement, velocity, acceleration, and position given the variables of motion. The chapter establishes the foundation for understanding one-dimensional motion which is important for physics and engineering applications.

Uploaded by

Leo Prince Gicana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS

INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. LEO PRINCE G. GICANA


CHAPTER 2: KINEMATICS (MOTION ON A
STRAIGHT LINE)
 FOLLOWING LECTURES:
1. Displacement, Time, Velocity, and Average & Instantaneous Velocity
2. Average & Instantaneous Acceleration
3. Motion with Constant Acceleration
4. Free Falling Bodies
5. Velocity and Position by integration
CHAPTER 2: KINEMATICS (MOTION ON A
STRAIGHT LINE)
 Kinematics - Description of the motion of objects without consideration of
what causes the motion.
CHAPTER 2: KINEMATICS (MOTION ON A
STRAIGHT LINE)
 Linear motion – motion of an object along a straight line path.
 Distance, d -- the total length of travel in moving from one location to
another.
-- scalar quantity.
-- always positive.
 Displacement, s -- straight line distance from the initial position to the final
position of an object.
-- Vector quantity
-- can be positive, negative or zero.
CHAPTER 2: KINEMATICS (MOTION ON A
STRAIGHT LINE)
CHAPTER 2: KINEMATICS (MOTION ON A
STRAIGHT LINE)
CHAPTER 2: KINEMATICS (MOTION ON A
STRAIGHT LINE)
 Speed, v -- Rate of change in distance
S.I. unit : m/s ; scalar quantity.

 Average Speed, () -- total distance traveled divided by the total time elapsed
in traveling that distance.
CHAPTER 2: KINEMATICS (MOTION ON A
STRAIGHT LINE)
 Velocity, v -- tells us how fast object is moving & in which direction it is moving.
 -- is the rate of change in displacement.
 -- vector quantity ; SI unit : m/s
CHAPTER 2: KINEMATICS (MOTION ON A
STRAIGHT LINE)
CHAPTER 2: KINEMATICS (MOTION ON A
STRAIGHT LINE)
CHAPTER 2: KINEMATICS (MOTION ON A
STRAIGHT LINE)

(A) Determine the displacement of the particle in the time intervals t 5 0


(B) Calculate the average velocity during these two time intervals.
CHAPTER 2: KINEMATICS (MOTION ON A
STRAIGHT LINE)
CHAPTER 2: KINEMATICS (MOTION ON A
STRAIGHT LINE)
 Finding a Velocity on x-t graph
 We can also find the x-velocity of a particle from the graph of its position as a
function of time.

 Thus, on a graph of position as a function of time for straightline motion, the


instantaneous x-velocity at any point is equal to the slope of the tangent to the
curve at that point.
CHAPTER 2: KINEMATICS (MOTION ON A
STRAIGHT LINE)
 Acceleration, a -- time rate of change of velocity
An acceleration may due to:
1) change in speed (magnitude),
2) change in direction or
3) change in both speed and direction

 Quick Test
A car is traveling at 30 km h–1 to the north.
Then it turns to the west without changing its
speed. Is the car accelerating?
CHAPTER 2: KINEMATICS (MOTION ON A
STRAIGHT LINE)
 Deceleration : object is slowing down (direction of acceleration is opposite to the
direction of the motion or velocity).
CHAPTER 2: KINEMATICS (MOTION ON A
STRAIGHT LINE)
 Average acceleration -- change in velocity divided by the time taken to make the
change.

-- vector quantity; -- SI unit : m/s²


 Instantaneous acceleration
-- acceleration at a particular instant of time.
CHAPTER 2: KINEMATICS (MOTION ON A
STRAIGHT LINE)
 • For linear motion, + and – signs is used to indicate direction of motion, velocity &
acceleration.
 • With horizontal direction we may take :
to the right as + ; to the left as –
 • With vertical direction we may take :
upward as + ; downward as –
CHAPTER 2: KINEMATICS (MOTION ON A
STRAIGHT LINE)
 Example 1: A car travels in a straight line along a road. Its distance, s is given as a
function of time, t by the equation :
s(t) = 2.4t² − 0.12t³
(a) Calculate the average velocity of the car for the time interval, t = 0 s and t = 10 s.
(b) Calculate the instantaneous velocity of the car at t = 5 s.
(c) Calculate the instantaneous acceleration of the car at t = 5 s.
CHAPTER 2: KINEMATICS (MOTION ON A
STRAIGHT LINE)
CHAPTER 2: KINEMATICS (MOTION ON A
STRAIGHT LINE)
 Example 2: A Grand Prix car at two points on the straightaway. Suppose the x-
velocity of the car in Fig. at any time t is given by the equation.

vx = 60 m/s + (10.50 m/s³)t²


CHAPTER 2: KINEMATICS (MOTION ON A
STRAIGHT LINE)
CHAPTER 2: KINEMATICS (MOTION ON A
STRAIGHT LINE)
 Uniform Linear Motion
-- motion with constant velocity
-- acceleration, a = 0 m/s²

The displacement increases by equal amounts in


equal times.
CHAPTER 2: KINEMATICS (MOTION ON A
STRAIGHT LINE)
 Particle under constant velocity - If the velocity of a particle is constant, its
instantaneous velocity at any instant during a time interval is the same as the average
velocity over the interval. Thatis, vx = vx,avg.
CHAPTER 2: KINEMATICS (MOTION ON A
STRAIGHT LINE)
 Uniform acceleration - means the acceleration does not depend on time or always
constant.

 velocity changes at a uniform rate.

 Note: If the acceleration of a particle varies in time, its motion can be complex and
difficult to analysed.
CHAPTER 2: KINEMATICS (MOTION ON A
STRAIGHT LINE)
 In such a case, the average acceleration ax,avg over any time interval is numerically equal
to the instantaneous acceleration ax at any instant within the interval, and the velocity
changes at the same rate throughout the motion.
 If we replace ax,avg by ax in Equation and take ti = 0 and tf to be any later time t, we find
that.

 This powerful expression enables us to determine an object’s velocity at any time t if we


know the object’s initial velocity vxi and its (constant) acceleration ax.
CHAPTER 2: KINEMATICS (MOTION ON A
STRAIGHT LINE)
 When the acceleration is constant, the graph of acceleration versus time (fig. c)
is a straight line having a slope of zero.
Because velocity at constant acceleration varies linearly in time according to
given equation.

 Notice that this expression for average velocity applies only in situations in which
the acceleration is constant.
To obtain the position of an object as a function of time. Recalling that
Δx = xf -xi
CHAPTER 2: KINEMATICS (MOTION ON A
STRAIGHT LINE)
 This equation provides the final position of the particle at time t in terms of the initial
and final velocities.
 We can obtain another useful expression for the position of a particle under constant
acceleration by substituting Equation.

 This equation provides the final position of the particle at time t in terms of the initial
position, the initial velocity, and the constant acceleration.
 The position–time graph for motion at constant (positive) acceleration shown in Fig. a
Notice that the curve is a parabola. The slope of the tangent line to this curve at t 5 0
equals the initial velocity vxi , and the slope of the tangent line at any later time t equals
the velocity vxf at that time.
CHAPTER 2: KINEMATICS (MOTION ON A
STRAIGHT LINE)
 Example Problem: A motorcyclist heading east through a small town accelerates at a
constant after he leaves the city limits (Fig. given). At time he is 5.0 m east of the city-
limits signpost, moving east at (a) Find his position and velocity at t = 20s. (b). Where is
he when his velocity is 25m/s?
Soln:
a.)

b.)
CHAPTER 2: KINEMATICS (MOTION ON A
STRAIGHT LINE)
 Example Problem: A motorist traveling with a constant speed of 15 m/s (about 34 mi/h)
passes a school-crossing corner, where the speed limit is 10 m/s (about 22 mi/h). Just as
the motorist passes the school crossing sign, a police officer on a motorcycle stopped
there starts in pursuit with a constant acceleration of 3.0m/s² (Fig. Shown). (a) How
much time elapses before the officer passes the motorist? (b) What is the officer’s speed
at that time? (c) At that time, what distance has each vehicle traveled?
CHAPTER 2: KINEMATICS (MOTION ON A
STRAIGHT LINE)

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