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2022 MM UNIT3&4-Chapter 11

The document discusses approximating the area under a curve using rectangles. It explains that dividing the interval from x=a to x=b into n subintervals and constructing rectangles on each with width Δx and heights at each x-value (f(x1), f(x2) etc.) allows calculating the area as a sum of rectangle areas. Taking the limit as Δx approaches 0 provides a better approximation of the true area under the curve between the bounds.

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61 views111 pages

2022 MM UNIT3&4-Chapter 11

The document discusses approximating the area under a curve using rectangles. It explains that dividing the interval from x=a to x=b into n subintervals and constructing rectangles on each with width Δx and heights at each x-value (f(x1), f(x2) etc.) allows calculating the area as a sum of rectangle areas. Taking the limit as Δx approaches 0 provides a better approximation of the true area under the curve between the bounds.

Uploaded by

martin ju
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The area under a curve

Let us first consider


the irregular shape
shown opposite.

How can we find the area A of this shape?


The area under a curve

We can find an
approximation by
placing a grid of
squares over it.

By counting squares,
A > 33 and A < 60
i.e. 33 < A < 60
The area under a curve

By taking a finer ‘mesh’ of


squares we could obtain a
better approximation for A.

We now study another way of


approximating to A, using
rectangles, in which A can be
found by a limit process.
The area under a curve

The diagram shows part


of the curve y = f(x) from
x = a to x = b.

We will find an expression


for the area A bounded by
the curve, the x-axis, and
the lines x = a and x = b.
The area under a curve

The interval [a,b] is


divided into n sections of
equal width, Δx.

n rectangles are then drawn


to approximate the area A Δx
under the curve.
The area under a curve

Dashed lines represent the


height of each rectangle.

The position of each line is


given by an x-coordinate, xn.

The first rectangle f(x1) x1, x2 , x3, x4 , x5, x6


has height f(x1)
Δx1
and breadth Δx1.

Thus the area of the first rectangle = f(x1).Δx1


The area under a curve

An approximation for
the area under the curve,
between x = a to x = b,
can be found by
summing the areas of the
rectangles.

A = f(x1).Δx1 + f(x2).Δx2 + f(x3).Δx3 + f(x4).Δx4 + f(x5).Δx5 + f(x6).Δx6


The rectangle rule
Left-endpoint &Right-endpoint
The trapezium rule
Ex2.
(The area under a curve)
Consider: 2
y  x 3 y  x2  5
then: y  2 x y  2 x

However, when we try to reverse the operation:


Given: y  2 x find y y  x2  c

c is an arbitrary real number


Properties of differentiation
###Ex
AREA=
找到原函数带入上下限
值，用原函数的上限值减
去下限值
###Exercises
Ex.18
Area of a Region Between Two Curves
With a few modifications, you can extend the application of
definite integrals from the area of a region under a curve to the
area of a region between two curves.
Consider two functions f and g that are continuous on the interval
[a, b].

Also, the graphs of both f and g


lie above the x-axis, and the graph
of g lies below the graph of f,
as shown in Figure 7.1.
Area of a Region Between Two Curves
You can geometrically interpret the area of the region
between the graphs as the area of the region under the
graph of g subtracted from the area of the region under
the graph of f, as shown in Figure 7.2.
C

B
B

D
E
C

D
## REVISION ##

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