3.3 BohrÆs Atomic Model

Bohr’s Atomic Model
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
• The light we see with our eyes, is one type of
electromagnetic radiation.
• It’s exhibit wavelike behavior
• They can be characterized by wavelength, λ
and a frequency, ν
• It has different λ and ν but it move with same
constant speed of light, c, (3.00 x 108 ms-1) in
a vacuum.
Eν
E=hν Where h = Planck’s constant, 6.6256 x 10-34 Js
The frequency is inversely proportional to its wavelength.
ν=c
λ
E = hc
λ
Go to Spectrum
Example:
• The wavelength of the green light from a
traffic signal is centered at 522 nm. What is
the frequency of this radiation?
ν=c
λ c = 3.00 x 108 ms-1
ν = 3.00 x 108 m/s

522 nm x 1 x 10-9 m
1 nm
= 5.75 x 1014 s-1 or 5.75 x 1014 Hz
Example 2:
• The critical wavelength of a quantum needed
to produce the photoelectric effect in
Tungsten is 260 nm. Calculate the energy of
the photons needed.
E=hν=hc
λ
= (6.6256 x 10-34 Js-1) x (3.0 x 108 ms-1)
260 x 10-9 m
= 7.645 x 10-19 J
Exercise
1)Light with a wavelength of 525 nm is green.
Calculate the energy in Joules for the green
light.
2)When an electron makes a transition from a
higher energy level to lower energy level, a
photon with the frequency of 8.65 X 1014 Hz is
emitted. Calculate the wavelength and the
energy change in the photon.
BOHR’S ATOMIC THEORY
• Niels Bohr proposed a model of hydrogen atom to
explain the behaviour of matter. He assumed that:
a) The electrons are not randomly distributed but only
orbit of certain radii.
b) The energy of the electron is quantised (can only
exist on certain discrete energy level). The energy of an
electron in its level is given by the expression:
En = -RH (1/n2)
where , RH = 2.18 X 10-18 J
n = 1,2,3, ……∞ (shows the orbit of an electron)
c) Electron from the lower energy level can
move to upper energy level by absorbing
energy and electron from the higher energy
level can move to lower energy level by
emitting energy.
If an electron jumps from a higher energy level (ni) with
energy Ei to a lower energy level (nf) with energy Ef, the
difference in energy:
∆ E = Ef – Ei
Ef = -RH (1/nf2) Ei = -RH (1/ni2)

where ni = initial orbit
nf = final orbit
Therefore, ∆ E = -RH (1/nf2) – (-RH (1/ni2))
= RH (1/ni2 - 1/nf2)
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
• A series of rays that is made up of radiation in
all sorts of wavelength.
Continuous Spectrum
and
Line Spectrum of
Hydrogen Atom
THE LINE SPECTRUM OF THE
HYDROGEN ATOM
• When an electric discharge is passed through a
discharge tube containing hydrogen gas at a low
pressure, the emission spectrum or line
spectrum of hydrogen is produced.
• Each line corresponds to light of a particular
wavelength and its called line spectrum.
• The emission spectrum of hydrogen includes a
wide range of wavelengths from the infrared to
the ultraviolet.
• The difference between the wavelengths (or
frequencies) of the line become smaller and
smaller towards the violet end of the
spectrum, that is, towards the low wavelength
and high frequency.
• So the lines become closer together that they
form a continuous band of light called the
convergence limit.
Line Emission Spectrum of Hydrogen Atoms
Figure 2
• The series in the hydrogen line spectrum are
found in the visible region, infrared region and
ultraviolet region.
SERIES REGION
Balmer series Visible region
Paschen series Infrared region
Brackett series Infrared region
Pfund series Infrared region
Lyman series Infrared region
How is the line spectrum formed?
• When energy is supplied to hydrogen gas by an
electric discharge, the electrons are excited.
• The excited electron moves from a lower
energy level to a higher one and absorbed
energy.
• The electron is unstable. So it will fall back to
lower energy level and release energy.
• This energy will be emitted as electromagnetic
radiation.
Continuous Spectrum
• When white light from an incandescent lamp is
passed through a prism, it produces a
continuous spectrum, or rainbow colours.
• The different colours of light represent different
wavelengths.
• All wavelengths are present in a continuous
spectrum.
• White light is simply a combination of all the
various colours.
Color Frequency Wavelength
violet 668–789 THz 380–450 nm
blue 606–668 THz 450–495 nm
green 526–606 THz 495–570 nm
yellow 508–526 THz 570–590 nm
orange 484–508 THz 590–620 nm
red 400–484 THz 620–750 nm
Figure 1
RYDBERG EQUATION
• The wavelength of every line in the hydrogen
spectrum can be calculated using Rydberg equation
1/λ = RH (1/n12 - 1/n22)
1. The values of n1 and n2 for the different series in the
hydrogen emission spectrum:
Series n1 n2 Type of electromagnetic
radiation
Lyman 1 2,3,4,….. Ultraviolet
Balmer 2 3,4,5,….. Visible
Paschen 3 4,5,6,….. Infrared
Brackett 4 5,6,7,….. Infrared
Pfund 5 6,7,8,….. Infrared
Example 1
Calculate the wavelength of the first line for hydrogen
atom in Lyman series
First line: 1/ = RH (1/n12 – 1/n22)
= 1.097 x 107 (1/12 – ½2)

 = 1.21 x 10-7m
Example 2
Calculate the frequency of the third line in the
Lyman series of the hydrogen emission
spectrum
First ionisation energy
~The minimum energy required to remove one

mole electron from one mole of the atoms of
an element in the gases state
H (g) H+ (g) + e
• So, ionisation of hydrogen involves the
transition of the electron from the lowest
energy level (n=1) to the highest energy level (
n= ∞ )
Ionisation energy = ΔE x NA
Example
ΔE = RH 1 - 1
ni2 nf2
= ( 2.18 x 10-18) x 1 - 1
12 ∞2
=
2.18 x 10-18 J per electron
For 1 mole electron:
=
( 2.18 x 10-18) ( 6.02 x 10 23 ) kJ mol-1
1000
= 1313 kJ mol-1 #
Exercise 2:
• Ionization energy of a hydrogen atom is
determine when its electron is ejected
from the atom at ground state. If the
hydrogen atom is found to have an exited
electron at n=4, calculate how much more
energy is needed to ionize this hydrogen
atom.
Solution:
ΔE = RH x 1 - 1
n12 n22
= ( 2.18 x 10-18) x 1 - 1
42 ∞2
= 1.36 x 10-19 J
• Value of ionisation energy is always in positive
• n final= ∞
y ??
Wh
Exercises
1. Calculate the wavelength of the fifth line in
Lyman series of hydrogen.
(Ans : 9.376 X 10-8 m)
2. Determine the frequency of the spectrum line
associated with the transition of an electron in
a hydrogen between n=2 and n=4.
(Ans : 6.17 X 1014s-1 )
3.The sodium vapour lamp emits mostly a light
with a wavelength of 589 nm. Calculate the
frequency of this radiation.
(Ans : 5.093 X 1014 s-1)
Exercise
1) Calculate the energy of an electron when it
occupies n = 4
2) Calculate the energy liberated when an
electron from the fifth energy level falls to
the second energy level in a hydrogen atom.
3) The sodium vapour lamp emits mostly a light
with a wavelength of 589 nm. Calculate the
frequency of this radiation.
4) Calculate the wavelength of the second line in
the Balmer series.
5) A light with a wavelength of 162.7 nm causes

magnesium atoms to ionize. Calculate the first
ionization energy of magnesium.

3.3 BohrÆs Atomic Model

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Bohr’s Atomic Model

The frequency is inversely proportional to its wavelength.

ν = 3.00 x 108 m/s

Ef = -RH (1/nf2) Ei = -RH (1/ni2)

Therefore, ∆ E = -RH (1/nf2) – (-RH (1/ni2))

First line: 1/ = RH (1/n12 – 1/n22)

= 1.097 x 107 (1/12 – ½2)

~The minimum energy required to remove one

5) A light with a wavelength of 162.7 nm causes

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