Centre For Wind Energy Technology: Electric Grid

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CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

OVERVIEW
A grid code is a technical specification which defines the parameters a
facility connected to a public electric grid has to meet to ensure safe, secure
and economic proper functioning of the electric system.
CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

NEED FOR INDIAN WIND GRID CODE


🞭 Wind energy constitutes 6% of the installed capacity
in the power scenario in India.
🞭 Wind turbines are installed in windy sites, which may
not have strong grids.
🞭 Local impacts like voltage fluctuations, flicker,
reactive power absorption when the penetration is
low.
🞭 With high penetration, overall power system gets
affected.
🞭 Grid code envisages to establish a standard operating
practice for wind turbines to minimise these impacts
and reap maximum benefits.
CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM IN WIND TURBINES

Fixed speed wind turbine


CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM IN WIND TURBINES


Variable speed wind turbine with full-scale frequency
converter
CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

GRID BEHAVIOUR OF WIND TURBINES


🞭 Majority of wind turbines use induction generators, unlike
the conventional generators which are synchronous
🞭 Induction generators need VAR support, for which capacitor
banks are provided.
🞭 Inadequate reactive power support will lead to drawal from
grid, and affect the voltage profile at the point of
interconnection.
🞭 Wind turbines using synchronous generators do not need
reactive power support, but may have to deal with other
issues like harmonics.
🞭 Grid code sets a standard operating practice for different
type of generators.
CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

GRID BEHAVIOUR OF WIND TURBINES

🞭 Wind turbines disconnect from the grid when


voltage at the point of connection drops

🞭 Wind turbines can remain connected to the grid


during a fault, only if adequate reactive power
support is provided.

🞭 Wind is variable in nature, hence wind generation


cannot be scheduled.
CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

WORLD SCENARIO

🞭 Grid Codes have been enforced for countries like


USA, Germany, Spain, Denmark, China, Nordic
Countries, Canada and Ireland, which have
substantial wind generation.

🞭 The grid codes for wind, in general deal with the


following technical requirements:
🞤 Active power control
🞤 Frequency
🞤 Voltage and reactive power issues
🞤 Fault ride through capability
🞤 Protection
🞤 Power quality issues like flicker, harmonics etc.
CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

GRID CODE REQUIREMENTS


CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

GRID CODE REQUIREMENTS


Variation of active power output of wind farms with
respect to frequency (as proposed in Grid Code)
CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

GRID CODE REQUIREMENTS


FREQUENCY REQUIREMENTS:
 System frequency is a major indicator of the power balance
in the system.

 A decrease in generation vis-a-vis the demand causes the


frequency to drop below the nominal frequency and vice
versa.

 This imbalance can be mitigated by primary control and


secondary control of conventional synchronous generators.

 High penetration of wind turbines can have a significant


impact on the frequency of the grid.

 Power output of the wind turbine can be regulated during


high frequency.
CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

GRID CODE REQUIREMENTS


VOLTAGE AND REACTIVE POWER ISSUES:
 Wind with induction generators need
turbines power support.
reactive

 Capacitor are the preferred method of


banks power compensation in wind farms.
reactive

 Reactive power drawl from the system can cause


increased losses, overheating and de- rating of
the lines.

 Doubly fed induction generators and synchronous


generator based wind turbines do not have any
constraints with respect to reactive power.
CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

GRID CODE REQUIREMENTS


REACTIVE POWER ISSUES:
The wind farm should maintain a power factor of 0.95 lagging to 0.95 leading

Voltage Vs Power factor characteristics of wind farms connected above 66 kV


CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
GRID CODE REQUIREMENTS
FAULT / LOW VOLTAGE RIDE THROUGH:

 Ability of the wind turbine to remain connected to the grid without tripping
from the grid for a specified period of time during a voltage drop at the
point of connection.
 period of fault ride through depends on
 magnitude of voltage drop at the Point of Common
Coupling (PCC) during the fault
 time taken by the grid system to recover to the normal state.

 During system disturbances, if generators of large generating capacity


connected to the grid continue their operation, this aids the system in
returning to normal operation.

 During a fault that causes a voltage drop at the wind turbine terminals, the
reactive power demand of induction generators increases. Unless a reactive
power support is available at the generator terminals, the reactive power will
be drawn from the grid and further instability.
CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

GRID CODE REQUIREMENTS


FAULT / LOW VOLTAGE RIDE THROUGH (AS PER IWGC):
Table 3: Fault clearing time and voltage limits

Nominal Fault Vpf Vf


system clearin (kV) (kV)
voltage g time,
(kV) T(ms)
400 100 360 60.0
220 160 200 33.0
132 160 120 19.8
110 160 96.25 16.5
66 300 60 9.9

Vf : 15% of nominal system voltage


V : Minimum Voltage for normal operation of the wind turbine
CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

GRID CODE REQUIREMENTS


WIND FARM PROTECTION:
 The relay protection system of the wind turbine should take in to account:
• Normal operation of the system and support to network
during and after the fault.
• Secure wind farms from damage originating from
faults in the network.
Minimum requirement with respect to wind farm protection (IWGC):
• under/over voltage protection
• under/over frequency protection
• over current and earth fault protection
• load unbalance (negative sequence) protection
• differential protection for the grid connecting transformer
• capacitor bank protection
• tele-protection channels (for use with distance protection) between the
grid connection point circuit breaker and user connection point circuit
breaker.
CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

GRID CODE REQUIREMENTS


POWER QUALITY ISSUES:

Power Quality

Ability of a power system to operate loads, without damaging or


disturbing them, a property mainly concerned with voltage quality at points
of common coupling & Ability of the loads to operate without disturbing or
reducing the efficiency of the power system, a property mainly, but not
exclusively, concerned with the quality of current waveform

Assessment of power quality of wind farms IEC 61400-21: Wind Turbine


Generator Systems, Part 21: Measurement and Assessment of Power
Quality Characteristics of Grid Connected Wind Turbines”
CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

GRID CODE REQUIREMENTS


FLICKER:

• Visual fluctuations in the light intensity


as a result of voltage fluctuations
(1-10Hz)
• Caused during
– continuous operation: by
tower shadow of wind turbine (1
– 2 Hz)
– Switching operation : by
power fluctuations (both
active and reactive power)
🞭Not a main concern for variable speed
turbines.
🞭IWGC requirement :
– IEC 61000-3-7 : for voltage
flicker limits.
– IEC 61000-4-15 :Guidelines on
CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

GRID CODE REQUIREMENTS


HARMONICS:

🞭 Generated by variable speed turbines with power


converters, like doubly fed generator and full variable
speed wind turbine.

🞭 IEC 61400-21 recommends measurement of harmonic


emissions only for variable speed turbines.
CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

GRID CODE REQUIREMENTS


HARMONICS:
• Total harmonic distortion of Voltage harmonic
limits System Total Individual
voltage, Harmonic
Voltag Harmonic
e (kV) Distortion of any
(%) Particular

frequency
(%)
where Vn: nth harmonic of voltage
V1: fundamental frequency 765 1.5 1.0

(50 Hz) voltage 400 2.0 1.5


220 2.5 2.0

132 3.0 2.0


CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

GRID CODE REQUIREMENTS


HARMONICS:
Harmonic content of the supply Current harmonic limits (IWGC)

current : Voltag <69 kV >69 kV


e level

ITHD 5% 2.5%

Where In: nth harmonic of current


I1: fundamental frequency
(50 Hz) current
CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

GRID CODE REQUIREMENTS


VOLTAGE UNBALANCE:
🞭 Ratio of the deviation Voltage unbalance
between the highest limits for wind farms
lowest line voltage and
Voltage level Unbalance
average of to the the
(kV) (%)
voltages. three
line 400 1.5
🞭 Can cause negative sequence
current to flow in the rotor of 220 2
the generator and affect its
performance
<220 3
🞭 same voltage requirements
for unbalance as for
conventional generators.
CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

CONNECTION CODE FOR WIND FARMS


🞭 Minimum technical standards to be adopted for wind
turbines
Voltage withstand limits for wind farms
Voltage (kV)
Nominal % Limit of variation Maximum Minimum
400 +5% to -10% 420 360
220 +11% to -9% 245 200
132 +10% to -9% 145 120
110 +10% to -12.5% 121 96.25
66 +10% to -9% 72.5 60
33 +5% to -10% 34.65 29.7
CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

CONNECTION CODE FOR WIND


FARMS
🞭 Frequency tolerance range
47.5 – 51.5 Hz.
Beyond this: manufacturer specific.

 Wind farms shall be able to


withstand change in frequency up to
0.5 Hz/sec.
CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

CONNECTION CODE FOR WIND FARMS


🞭 Voltage unbalance

🞭 Reactive power capability

🞭 Active power control

🞭 Low voltage ride through

🞭 Protection schemes for wind farm protection


CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

OPERATING CODE FOR WIND FARMS


🞭 For safe and reliable operation of grid

Operating voltage limits for wind farms

Voltage (kV)
Nominal % Limit of variation Maximum Minimum
400 +5% to -10% 420 360
220 +11% to -9% 245 200
132 +10% to -9% 145 120
110 +10% to -12.5% 121 96.25
66 +10% to -9% 72.5 60
33 +5% to -10% 34.65 29.7
CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

OPERATING CODE FOR WIND FARMS


Frequency of operation for wind farms

Shall not be started above 51.5 Hz.


CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

OPERATING CODE FOR WIND


FARMS
Reactive
🞭 power
VAR drawl fromand voltage
the grid control
at voltages below 97 %
of nominal will be penalized.

🞭 VAR injection into the grid at voltages below 97 %


of nominal will be given incentive.

🞭 VAR drawl from the grid at voltages above 103 %


of nominal will be given incentive.

🞭 VAR injection into the grid at voltages above 103 %


of nominal will be penalized
CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

OPERATING CODE FOR WIND FARMS


Ramp rate limits
🞭 Aims at regulating the active power generated from the WTG and
minimizing the sudden variations in generated power due to
variations in the wind.
Ramp rate limits for wind farms
Wind Farm installed 10 min Maximum 1 min Maximum
capacity (MW) Ramp (MW) Ramp (MW)

50-150 Installed Installed


Capacity/1.5 Capacity/5

>150 100 30
CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

OPERATING CODE FOR WIND FARMS


🞭 Flicker
🞤 IEC 61000-3-7 : for voltage flicker limits.
🞤 IEC 61000-4-15 :Guidelines on measurement of flicker.

🞭 Harmonics
🞤 Voltage harmonic limits : as per Indian Electricity Grid
Code
🞤 Current harmonic limits: IEEE STD-519-1992
CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

OPERATING CODE FOR WIND


FARMS
🞭 Operation during transmission congestion
🞤 As per instructions of system operator.
🞤 Wind shall be considered like overflowing reservoir in Merit
Order Dispatch

🞭 Demand estimation
🞤 Wind Energy Forecasting-
🞫 Day ahead forecast: for assessing the probable wind
energy that can be scheduled for the next day.
🞫 Hourly forecast :To minimize the forecasting error that
can occur in the day ahead forecasting.
CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

SUMMARY

🞭 Grid code brings ‘wind’ at par with conventional


generators.

🞭 Technical requirements have been appropriately


recommended for small wind farms and large wind
farms.

🞭 Conditions like fault ride through capability and


forecasting to be implemented taking into account
the penetration levels of wind energy, cost of
implementation, tariff structure and usefulness in
terms of grid management strategies.

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