Topic 1 - Gas Laws (Part 2)

Objectives
Students should be able to:

State the basic assumptions of the kinetic theory with
reference to an ideal gas.
Explain the differences between real and ideal gases.
State and perform calculations using Dalton’s law of
partial pressure
State and perform calculations using the molar volume
formula for gases.
State Graham’s law of diffusion and effusion
ConstantPerfectly
random, Temperature
straight-lineelastic
Molecules is
have mass proportional
motioncollisions
but negligible to average
Gas particles
size kinetic energy
Gas particles
do not of particles
attract/repel Ideal have no
gas volume
each other
Assump
tions/Ki
netic
Theory
An ideal gas obeys all of these laws at any temperature and

pressure.
Ideal Gas Equation
The gas laws can be combined into a general equation that
describes the physical behavior of all gases.
1 V T V n
V
P
Boyle’s law Charles’s law Avogadro’s law
nT
V
P
nT
V R rearrangement PV = nRT
P
R is the proportionality constant, called the gas constant.
The Ideal Gas Equation
The ideal gas equation (below) describes the
relationship among the four variables P, V, n, and T.
PV = nRT
An ideal gas is a hypothetical sample of gas whose

pressure-volume-temperature behavior is predicted
accurately by the ideal gas equation.
Ideal Gas Equation
PV = nRT
Pressure can be measured in atmospheres or pascals, Pa –
sometimes expressed as newtons per square metre, N m-2.
Should you want to convert from other pressure measurements:

1 atmosphere = 101,325 Pa
1 bar = 100 kPa = 100,000 Pa

The Ideal Gas Equation
The gas constant (R) is the proportionality constant and its value and units depend on
the units in which P and V are expressed.
PV = nRT
Worked Example
Calculate the volume of a mole of ideal gas at room temperature (25°C) and 1
atm.
Strategy Convert the temperature in °C to kelvins, and convert pressure to Pa
use the ideal gas equation to solve for the unknown volume.
Solution The data given are n = 1 mol, T = 298.15 K, and P = 1.00 atm. =
101325pa. Using the gas constant R = 8.314JK-1mol-1
nRT (1 mol)(8.314JK-1mol-1)(298 K)
V= = = 2.45 x 10-2 m3
P 101325Pa
=
24.5 L
Think About It With the pressure held constant, we should expect the volume
to increase with increased temperature. Room temperature is higher than the
standard temperature for gases (0°C), so the molar volume at room temperature
(25°C) should be higher than the molar volume at 0°C–and it is.
Worked Example #2
At what temperature would 2.10 moles of N2 gas have a pressure of
1.25 atm in a 25.0 L tank?
(R = 0.08206 Latm/Kmol)
Practice Question
What volume is occupied by 5.03 g of O2 at 28°C and a pressure of
0.998atm? (O = 16g/mol)
(R = 0.08206 Latm/Kmol)
TASK 1
What is the volume of 10.0 g of argon gas at 157°C and 2.50 kPa
pressure? (Ar = 40g/mol) (R = 8.314 m3 Pa/Kmol)
Using the ideal gas equation to determine molecular
mass
PV = nRT
Worked Example #1
An unknown gas with a mass of 205 g occupies a volume of 20.0 L at standard
temperature and pressure (0oC and 1 atm respectively). What is the molar
mass of the gas? (R = 0.08206 Latm/Kmol)
Worked Example #2
The density of ethane is 1.264 gL-1 at 20°C and 1 atmosphere. Calculate the
molar mass of ethane. (Hint density = mass/volume) (R = 0.08206 Latm/Kmol)
Practice Question
A flask of volume 2.00L contains 3.61g of a gas. The pressure in the flask is
100kPa and the temperature is 20oC. Calculate the relative molecular mass of
the gas. (R = 0.08206 Latm/Kmol)
Real gases vs. ideal gases
Ideal gases do not exist!
 Helium exhibits properties closest to that of an ideal gas.
 Many gases behave as if they were ideal at conditions of low
pressure and high temperature.
 Nonpolar atoms/molecules also exhibit ideal gas behavior
 At high pressures and low temperatures, real gases deviate the
most from ideal behavior
 Real gases do not obey Boyle’s and Charles’ law at any
temperature and pressure.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tlaKcBB_C9E
Ideal Gas Assumptions Behaviour of real gases under conditions of:
 No attractive/repulsive forces
 Constant and random straight-line
motions
 Perfectly elastic collisions
 Molecules have mass but negligible size
 No volume
 Temperature is proportional to average
kinetic energy
Effect of Pressure on Real Gases

motions
 No volume
kinetic energy
Effect of Temperature on Real Gases

motions
 No volume
kinetic energy
Why real gases deviate from ideal behavior?

Why do real gases deviate from ideal behavior?
Real gases deviate from ideal gas behavior under low
temperatures and high pressures because:
Forces of attraction become stronger between the
molecules and the volume occupied by each gas particle
becomes significant.
This results in lower gas pressures than expected at low
temperatures
This results in higher gas pressures than expected at high
pressures.
Why real gases deviate from ideal behavior
Gas Mixtures
Dalton’s law of partial pressure states that the total pressure exerted by a gas mixture
is the sum of the partial pressures exerted by each component of the mixture.
Ptotal =  Pi
Dalton’s law of partial pressures
Each component of a gas mixture exerts a pressure independent of the other
components. The total pressure is the sum of the partial pressures.
Worked Example
1.00 mole of N2 in a 5.00 L container at 0°C exerts a pressure of 4.48
atm.
Calculation of P: use PV = nRT; Where T =273K
Addition of 1.00 mole of O2 in the same container exerts an additional

4.48 atm of pressure.
The total pressure of the mixture is the sum of the partial pressures (Pi):
Ptotal = PN2 + PO2 = 4.48 atm + 4.48 atm = 8.96 atm

Example
A 1.00-L vessel contains 0.215 mole of N2 gas and 0.0118 mole of H2 gas at
25.5°C. Determine the partial pressure of each component and the total pressure
in the vessel.
Strategy Use the ideal gas equation to find the partial pressure of each
component of the mixture, and sum the two partial pressures to find the total
pressure.
TASK 2
Determine the partial pressures and the total pressure in a 2.50-L vessel containing the
following mixture of gases at 15.8°C: 0.0194 mol He, 0.0411 mol H2, and 0.169 mol
Ne.
Mole fractions and Partial pressure
The relative amounts of the components in a gas mixture can be specified using
mole fractions.
Χi is the mole fraction.
ni
i = ni is the moles of a certain component
ntotal
ntotal is the total number of moles.
There are three things to remember about mole fractions:

1) The mole fraction of a mixture component is always less than 1.
2) The sum of mole fractions for all components of a mixture is always 1.
3) Mole fractions are dimensionless.
Example
A mixture of hydrogen gas and oxygen gas exerts a total pressure of
1.5 atm on the walls of its container. If the partial pressure of
hydrogen is 1 atm, find the mole fraction of oxygen in the mixture.
•Strategy Given, Phydrogen = 1 atm, Ptotal = 1.5 atm
•Applying Dalton’s law formula, Ptotal = Phydrogen + Poxygen
•Therefore, Poxygen = 0.5 atm
•Now, the mole fraction of oxygen, Xoxygen = (Poxygen/Ptotal) = 0.5/1.5 = 0.33
•Therefore, the mole fraction of oxygen in the mixture is 0.33
Example
At a temperature of 300K, 30 litres of gas A kept under pressure of 1
atm and 15 litres of gas B kept under pressure of 2 atm is transferred
into an empty 10L container. Calculate the total pressure inside the
container and the partial pressures of gas A and gas B (Assume that
A and B are ideal gases).
Molar Volume Formula
What is Molar Volume?
Molar gas volume states that one mole of any gas at a

specific temperature and pressure has a fixed volume.
At standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) the molar
volume (Vm) is the volume occupied by one mole of a
chemical element or a chemical compound.
It can be calculated by dividing the molar mass (M) by
mass density (ρ).
The Molar volume is directly proportional to molar mass
and inversely proportional to density. The formula of the
molar volume is expressed as
Vm= Molar Mass / Density

Vm=Molar massDensity
Where Vm is the volume of the substance.
Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) are a special
set of conditions where:
Pressure is 101325Pa = 1 atm
Temperature is 0°C (273.15 K)
R = 8.314JK-1mol-1
PV = nRT
The volume occupied by one mole of an ideal gas is then

22.41 L:
Practice Question
What volume will 10.0 grams of ammonia occupy at STP?
(molar mass of NH3 = 17g/mol)
Practice Question
Calculate molar volume for a sample of the molar
mass of the N2 if the density of the gas is 1.250 g/L?
Solution:
TASK 3
What volume will 0.750 moles of nitrogen gas occupy at
STP?
Graham’s Laws of Diffusion and Effusion
Graham’s law states that the rate of diffusion or of
effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square
root of its molecular weight.
Gases always move from higher to lower concentrations
Graham’s Laws of Diffusion and Effusion
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kWpsJLgWH6I
Graham’s Laws of diffusion/effusion
 Diffusion is the process of gradual mixing of molecules of one gas with molecules
of another gas due to their molecular motion(kinetic energy). It is the movement of
particles from higher to lower concentration though a medium.
 The diffusion always proceeds from a region of high concentration to a region of
lower concentration.
 For example, when a bottle of perfume is opened at one end of the room, the person
sitting at the other end of the room can smell the perfume because of the diffusion
process of perfume molecules.
 Effusion is the rate at which a gas escapes through a pinhole into a vacuum.
 The rate of effusion measures the speed at which the gas travels through the
tiny hole into a vacuum.
 Lighter gas particles travel faster than heavier ones.
Graham’s Laws of diffusion and effusion
Graham’s Laws of diffusion/effusion
Graham's law states that the rate of effusion or diffusion of a gas is
inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular weight.
Worked Example
Practice Question
If equal amounts of helium and argon are placed in a porous container and
allowed to escape, which gas will escape faster? How much faster will this
gas escape?
(He = 4g/mol, Ar = 40 g/mol)
TASK 4
How much faster does hydrogen escape through a porous container than
sulfur dioxide? (H2 = 2g/mol, SO2 = 64 g/mol)
QUESTIONS

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Objectives

Students should be able to:

An ideal gas obeys all of these laws at any temperature and

An ideal gas is a hypothetical sample of gas whose

Should you want to convert from other pressure measurements:

Effect of Pressure on Real Gases

Effect of Temperature on Real Gases

Why real gases deviate from ideal behavior?

Calculation of P: use PV = nRT; Where T =273K

Addition of 1.00 mole of O2 in the same container exerts an additional

Ptotal = PN2 + PO2 = 4.48 atm + 4.48 atm = 8.96 atm

There are three things to remember about mole fractions:

Molar gas volume states that one mole of any gas at a

Vm= Molar Mass / Density

The volume occupied by one mole of an ideal gas is then

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