C++ Programming II

Compiled By Mr. Abunu T.

 CONTENTS

01. What is programming

02. Building blocks of programs
03. Basic Elements of programming(C++ tokens)
04. Control statements
4.1 Decision statements

4.2 Loop statements

4.3 Flow control statements
 1 Computer Programming
◆ Programming refers to a technological process for telling a computer which tasks to perform in
order to solve problems.
◆ You can think of programming as a collaboration between humans and computers, in which
humans create instructions for a computer to follow (code) in a language computers can
understand.
◆ How does computer programming work?
✓ First, a programmer writes code—a set of letters, numbers, and other characters. Next, a
compiler converts each line of code into a language a computer can understand. Then, the
computer scans the code and executes it, thereby performing a task or series of tasks.
 2
What is C++
◆ C++ is a general purpose, case-sensitive, free-form programming language that supports
object-oriented, procedural and generic programming.
◆ C++ is an extension of the C programming language
◆ C++ is a general-purpose programming language, created by Bjarne Stroustrup
◆ C++ includes all the elements of the C language plus it has additional features for working
with objects, classes, events, and other object-oriented concepts
 3 Structure of C++
 Let’s look the following simple C++ program

Hello World
 4 Structure of C++

 #include : is a preprocessor directive

 It instructs the preprocessor to include a section of standard C++ code, known as header
iostream, that allows it to perform standard input and output operations.
 The preprocessor reads your program before it is compiled and only executes those
lines beginning with a # symbol.
 Think of the preprocessor as a program that “sets up” your source code for the
compiler.
 The #include directive causes the preprocessor to include the contents of another file in
the program
 5 Structure of C++

 The word inside the brackets, iostream , is the name of the file that is to be included
 The iostream file contains code that allows a C++ program to display output on the
screen and read input from the keyboard
 <iostream> also called standard input-output stream
 The contents of the iostream file are included in the program at the point the #include
statement appears.
 The iostream file is called a header file, so it should be included at the head, or top, of
the program
 6 Structure of C++

 #include iostream provides the most used standard input and output streams, cin and cout.
 The syntax for using them is as follows:
 Standard Output Stream -- cout
 It is an instance of the ostream class.
 It produces output on the standard output device, i.e., the display screen
 We need to use the stream insertion operator << to insert data into the standard output
stream cout, which has to be displayed on the screen

Syntax:
cout << variable_name;
 7 Structure of C++

Standard Input Stream -- cin

 It is an instance of the istream class

 It reads input from the standard input device, i.e., the keyboard.
 We need to use the stream extraction operator >> to extract data entered using the
keyboard

Syntax:
cin>>variable_name;
 8 Structure of C++

 using namespace std;

Programs usually contain several items with unique names. Variables, functions, and
objects are examples of program entities that must have names
C++ uses namespaces to organize the names of program entities
The statement using namespace std; declares that the program will be accessing
entities whose names are part of the namespace called std
The reason the program needs access to the std namespace is because every name
created by the iostream file is part of that namespace
 9 Structure of C++

Namespace is a declarative region that provides a scope to the identifiers inside it

Namespaces in C++ provide scope for identifiers like variables, functions, and classes
with the same names.
The identifiers present inside a namespace's scope can be accessed outside the scope
only by using fully qualified names for each identifier
 Namespaces are an essential aspect of C++ because they help avoid naming conflicts in
our programs. If namespaces are used, multiple identifiers can have the same names
provided they are defined in separate namespaces
 10 Structure of C++

What is a Namespace?
Ex. There are two students with the same name in a classroom. To distinguish the two
students, we need to call them by their names and surnames. A situation like this can occur
in C++ as well. It might happen that a function we created with the name sqrt(), but this is
already present in the cmath library of C++. In this case, the compiler cannot differentiate
between the two function names. Hence, it will yield an error. To avoid this confusion,
namespaces are used.
 Namespaces provide a method to avoid name conflicts in a project. In essence a
namespace defines a scope
 11 Structure of C++

Defining a Namespace
A namespace definition begins with the keyword namespace followed by the
namespace name as follows: namespace namespace_name
{
Syntax: // code declarations
}

To call the namespace-enabled version of either function or variable, prepend (::) the
namespace name as follows :
name::code; // code could be variable or functions
 12

Examples
 13

Output

This is custom namespace

 The using directive

 You can also avoid prepending of namespaces with the using namespace directive
 14

The using keyword is used to:

 Bring a specific member from the namespace into the current scope.
 Bring all members from the namespace into​the current scope.
 Bring a base class method ​or variable into the current class’s scope.
 15

 Bring a specific member from the namespace into the current scope.
1 and 2 (string & cout ) are specific members of namespace

Output

C++ Programming
 16
 Bring all members from the namespace into​the current scope

Output

Enter Your Name: Nahom

Your Name is: Nahom

 17 int main()
 This marks the beginning of a function
A function can be thought of as a group of one or more programming statements that
collectively has a name
The name of this function is main, and the set of parentheses that follows the name
indicate that it is a function
The word int stands for “integer.” It indicates that the function sends an integer value
back to the operating system when it is finished executing
Although most C++ programs have more than one function, every C++ program must
have a function called main .
18 Steps for C++ Program Development and Execution

Execution

Loading
Linking
Compiling
Editing

5
4
3
2
1
 19 Editing

 Editing refers the typing or writing the program in any text editor.
 But we want all the things in one place like writing the program, compiling, and
executing it
 This can be achieved using IDE (Integrated Development Environment)
 IDE integrated all the tasks that are required to run a program.
 Examples of IDE’s: codeblocks, Dev++ etc.
 20
Compiling

 Consider a program first.cpp which is saved in your computer hard disk.

 To compile the first.cpp file, we need an IDE that contains a compiler. The compiler
converts the high-level code into machine-level language code.
 An object file has the .obj or .o file extension and is created for each source code file
after compilation of first.cpp
 The object file contains all of the machine-level instructions for that file. It is referred
to as an intermediary file because it’s not until the final stage
 21 cont..

 If you had 3 cpp programs, the compiler would generate three objects.

Source file Source file Source file

Calculator.cpp Hello.cpp Addition.cpp

compiled compiled compiled

object file object file object file

Calculator.o Hello.o Addition.o
 22 Linking
After the compiler creates one or more object files, then another program called the
linker kicks in.
The job of the linker is three fold:
 First, to take all the object files generated by the compiler and combine them into a
single executable program object file : Calculator.o

Linker
Other libraries
C++ standard libraries

Executable file: Calculator.exe

 23 Linking

Second, in addition to being able to link object files, the linker also is capable of linking
library files.

A library file is a collection of pre-compiled code that has been “packaged up” for
reuse in other programs.

The built-in objects and functions are grouped inside libraries that can be included in
programs as header files.
These libraries and header files are linked with the code during compilation where the
 24 Linking

 Third, the linker makes sure all cross-file dependencies are resolved properly.
 For example, if you define something in one .cpp file, and then use it in another .cpp
file, the linker connects the two together.
 If the linker is unable to connect a reference to something with its definition, you’ll get
a linker error, and the linking process will abort.
 Once the linker is finished linking all the object files and libraries (assuming all goes
well), you will have an executable file and you can run the executable file.
 25

Loading
 To execute the program code, the code must be brought to the main memory from the
secondary memory.

Execution:
 As soon as the program gets loaded in the main memory the program execution starts
 The execution of the program starts from the first line of the main function.
 26 Basic Elements of C++ Program (C++ tokens)

 A token is the smallest unit of a program that is meaningful to the compiler

 Tokens can categorized as follows

Operators
6 1 Keywords

Symbols
5 C++ tokens
2 Identifiers

Strings 4 3 Constants
 27 Keywords
Keywords are pre-defined or reserved words in a programming language
Keywords (also known as reserved words) have special meaning to the C++ compiler
and are always written or typed in short(lower) cases.
They are explicitly reserved identifiers and can’t be used as names for the program
variables or other user defined program elements
 28 Identifiers
 Identifiers refers to the name of variable, functions, array, class etc. created by
programmer
 These are user-defined names consisting of an arbitrarily long sequence of letters and
digits with either a letter or the underscore(_) as a first character.
 There are certain rules shat should be followed while naming identifiers
• An identifier name should begin with a letter or an underscore ( _ )
• An identifier name should be made up of letters, digits and underscores only
• Special characters and white spaces are not allowed.
• It should not be a keyword.
• Identifier names are case sensitive.
 29 Identifiers
 Which of the following is valid identifier and which is not
 30 Constants
 Constants are also like normal variables. But, the only difference is, their values can
not be modified by the program once they are defined.
 Constants refer to fixed values. They are also called literals.
 To declare constants: Syntax : const data_type variable_name;
 The different types of constants are:
 Integer constants – These constants store values of the int data type

const int data = 5;

N.B: const-is a pre-defined keyword which used to declare constant variables in our
program
 31 Constants
 Floating constants – These constants store values of the float data type
Ex: const float e = 2.71;
 Character constants – These constants store values of the character data type.
Ex: const char answer = ‘y’;
String constants – These constants are also of the character data type but differ in the
declaration part.
Ex: const char title[] = ‘‘DataFlair’’;
Ex: const string name = “Programming”;
 32 Strings

 A string stores a sequence of characters. It terminates with a null character ‘\0’.

 Unlike characters, strings in C++ are always enclosed within double quotes (” “).
 In C++, there are two types of strings:
 C-style strings
Example – char name[ ] = “Information”;
 Objects of the string class in the Standard C++ Library
Example – string name = “Systems”;
 33 Symbols
 The following special symbols are used in C++ has some special meaning
 Brackets[]: Opening and closing brackets are used as array element reference. These
indicate single and multidimensional subscripts
 Parentheses(): These special symbols are used to indicate function calls and function
parameters.
 Braces{}: These opening and ending curly braces mark the start and end of a block of
code containing more than one executable statement.
 Comma (, ): It is used to separate more than one statements like for separating
parameters in function calls.
 34 Symbols
 Semicolon(;): It is known as a statement terminator. It indicates the end of one logical
entity.
 Asterisk (*): It is used to create a pointer variable and for the multiplication of
variables

 Pre-processor (#): The preprocessor is a macro processor that is used automatically

by the compiler to transform your program before actual compilation.
 Period (.): Used to access members of a structure or union.
 35 Operators
 Operators are symbols that trigger an action when applied to C++ variables and other
objects
 The data items on which operators act upon are called operands.
 Depending on the number of operands that an operator can act upon, operators can be
classified as follows:
1
Unary Operators:
 Those operators that require only a single operand to act upon are known as unary
operators.
 For Example increment and decrement operators (++, - -)
 36 Operators
 Examples of Unary Operators

Output
5
5
6
 37 Operators
2 Binary Operators
 Those operators that require two operands to act upon are called binary operators.
 Binary operators are classified into :
 Arithmetic operators
 Relational Operators
 Logical Operators
 Assignment Operators
 Bitwise Operator
 38 Operators
 Arithmetic Operators:
 These operators are used to perform arithmetic/mathematical operations on operands.
Examples: (+, -, *, /, %,++,–)

 Addition operator(‘+’): int x=5, y=10; z=x+y; // prints 15

 Subtraction operator(‘-’): int x=5, y=15; z=y-x; //prints 10
 Multiplication operator(‘*’): int a=5; b=5; c =a*b; // prints 25
 Division operator(‘/’): int a =10, b=2; c=a/b; //prints 5
 Modulus operator(‘%’): int a=10,b =2; c=a%b; //prints 0
39 Operators
Example of arithmetic operators

Addition=:18
Substruction=:8
Multiplication=:65
Division=:2
Modulus=:3
 40 Operators
 Relational Operators:
 Relational Operators in C++ which are also known as Comparison Operators used for
comparing the values of two operands
 The result of a relational operator is a bool value that can only be true or false according to the
result of the comparison Operator Operation
== Equal To
=! Not Equal To
> Greater Than
< Lesser Than
>= Greater Than Or Equal To
<= Less than or Equal To
 41 Operators
 Relational Operators:
 If the relation is true, it returns 1 whereas if the relation is false, it returns 0.
 Now, the following examples show the actual use of operators. Example of relational operator
1) If 10 > 30 then the result is false
2) If 40 > 17 then the result is true
Output
3) If 10 >= 300 then the result is false
4) If 10 <= 10 then the result is true a>b:0
a<b:1
a>=b:0
a<=b:1
a==b:0
a!=b:1
 42 Operators
 Logical Operators:
Logical operators in C++ are used to evaluate two or more conditions.
They allow a program to make a decision based on multiple conditions.
If the result of the logical operator is true then 1 is returned otherwise 0 is returned.
There are 3 types of logical operators in C++ and they are:
Operator Operation

&& Logical AND

|| Logical OR

! Logical NOT
 43 Operators
 Example of Logical Operators

Output
Logical &&: 0
Logical ||: 1
Logical Not: 1
 44 Control Statements
 Programmers can control which instruction to be executed in a program, which is called
flow control or control statement
 C++’s program control statements can be put into the following categories:
Selection Statement
1

2 Repetition Statement

Jump Statements
3
 45 Selection Statements

Selection statements are statements in a program where there are points at which the
program will decide at run time whether some part of the code should or should not be
executed.
The selection statements allow choosing the set of instructions for execution depending
upon an expression's truth value.
 C++ provides the following two types of selection statements:

1 If Statement

2 Switch Statement
 46 C++ If Statements

 It is sometimes desirable to make the execution of a statement dependent upon a

condition being satisfied.
 The different forms of the “If” statement are described as follows:

1 if statement
2 nested if-statement
3 if-else statement
4 if-else-if statement
 47 C++ If Statements
 if statement
 The if statement selects and executes the statement(s) based on a given condition
 The simple if statement will decide only one part of the program to be executed if the
condition is satisfied or ignored if the condition fails.
E.g. C++ program to check whether a person is eligible to vote or not
 Syntax:
if (expression) {
statement 1;
statement 2;
statement n;
}
Enter Your Age: 20
You Are eligible for voting
 48 C++ If Statements
 if-else statement
 The “if else if” statement allows us to specify two alternative statements
Syntax: Example: C++ program whether a given number is positive or negative
if (expression) {
statement 1;
}
else{
statement 2;
}

Enter Any Number:

15
15 is positive
 49 C++ If Statements
 if-else-if statement
 The “if else if” statement allows us to specify more than two alternative statements
each will be executed based on testing one or more conditions.
 Syntax:
if (expression1)
statements1;
else if(expression2)
statements2;
.
else if(expression N)
Statements N;
else
statements
 50 Switch statement

 C++ provides a multiple-branch selection statement known as a switch (multiple line

statements).
switch(expression) {
The switch statement components: case constant1:
Statement sequence
 Switch break;
 Case case constant2:
statement sequence
 Default break;
case constant3:
 Break statement sequence
break;
……….
default:
statement sequence}
 51 Switch statement

Example: a C++ program to demonstrate switch statement

Assume a user will enter 5

Output

Thursday
 52 Repetition Statements

Repetition statements control a block of code to be executed repeatedly for a fixed

number of times or until a certain condition fails
There are three C++ repetition statements

For-loop statement While-loop statement Do-while-loop statement

 53 For-loop statement

 For loop is a Entry Controlled Loop

 It allows us to write a loop that is executed a specific number of times.
 For loop is used to execute a set of statement repeatedly until a particular condition is
for (initialization; condition ; increment/decrement){
satisfied Syntax:
statement(s);
}

 initialization - initializes variables and is executed only once

 condition - if true, the body of for loop is executed if false, the for loop is terminated
 increment/decrement- updates the value of initialized variables and again checks the
condition
 54 For-loop statement
Example 1: Program to find the sum of first N natural numbers

Output
Enter Your Number: assume 5 is given
The sum is : 20
 55 Range-based for loop in C++

 Range-based for loop in C++ is added since C++ 11. It executes a for loop over a range
 Used as a more readable equivalent to the traditional for loop operating over a range of
values, such as all elements in a container
 This for loop is specifically used with collections such as arrays and vectors.
 Its Syntax is:
for ( range_declaration : range_expression)
{
loop_statement;
}
 56 Range-based for loop in C++

 range_declaration: a declaration of a named variable, whose type is the type of the

element of the sequence represented by range_expression, or a reference to that type.
 range_expression: any expression that represents a suitable sequence or a braced-init-
list
 loop_statement: any statement, typically a compound statement, which is the body of
// initialize an int array
the loop. int num[3] = {1, 2, 3}; In this example:

// use of ranged for loop  rangeDeclaration - int var

for (int var : num) {  rangeExpression - num
// code
}
 57 Range-based for loop in C++

 According to the previous example: the following figure shows that how the range
based for loop is implemented in C++
 58 Range-based for loop in C++

 Example: using range based for-loop

Output
Value of I: 1
Value of I: 2
Value of I: 3
Value of I: 4
Value of I: 5
59 Example2: Ragne based for-loop using vector

Output
5 10 15 20 25
 60 While-loop-statement

 is an entry controlled loop statement

 Working of while loop:
 A while loop evaluates the condition.
 If the condition evaluates to true, the code inside the while loop is executed.
 The condition is evaluated again.
 This process continues until the condition is false.
 When the condition evaluates to false, the loop terminates
while (condition) {
Syntax // body of the while loop
}
 61 While loop statement

 Example of while loop:

Information Systems
Information Systems
Information Systems
Information Systems
Information Systems
 62 While loop statement

 Example of while loop:

0 2 4 6 8 10
 63 Do-While loop statement

 The do-while loop is exit-controlled loop.

 In do-while loop the loop body will execute at least once irrespective of test condition.
 Working of do-while loop
 The body of the loop is executed at first. Then the condition is evaluated.
 If the condition evaluates to true, the body of the loop inside the do statement is executed again.
 The condition is evaluated once again.
 If the condition evaluates to true, the body of the loop inside the do statement is executed again.
 This process continues until the condition evaluates to false. Then the loop terminates.
 64 Do-While loop statement

 Do-while loop syntax:

do {
// body of loop;
}
while (condition);

Enter Number: 5
1
2
3
4
5
 65 Do-While loop statement

 Program to display sum of numbers until the user enter negative number

Enter Number:
1
2
3
4
-5
Sum:= 10
 66 Nested loop statement

 A loop can be nested inside of another loop

 There are different nested loop structures in different control statements.
 Nested for loop

for (initialization; condition; update)

{
for (initialization; condition; update)
Syntax: {
// body of inner for-loop
}
// body of outer for-loop
}
 67 Nested loop statement

Nested do-while-loop statement in C++ Nested while loop statement in C++

do { while(condition)
statement(s); {
do {
statement(s); while(condition)
} {
while( condition ); statement(s);

} }
while( condition ); outer while loop statement;
}
68 Program to print numbers using nested loop in C++:

Output
00
01
10
11
 69 Nested loop statement

 Write a program to display the following pattern using nested (for, while, and do
while)statement respectively.
B C

A
1 1
* 22 12
* * 333 123
* * * 4444 1234
* * * * 55555 12345
70 Cont..

Output

*
* *
* * *
* * * *
71 Cont..

Output

1
22
333
4444
55555
72 Cont..

Output

1
12
123
1234
12345
 73 C++ Jump Statements

 Jump statements are used to obstruct the normal flow of execution of a program
 It is used to terminating or continues the loop inside a program or to stop the execution
of a function
 Jump statements in C++ mainly have four types :
 Continue statements
 Break statements
 Goto statements
 Return statement
 74 C++ Jump Statements

 Continue Statements:
 Continue statement skips any remaining statements in the current iteration and
immediately passes the control to the next iteration
 The continue statement does not terminate the loop (as in the case of break
statements), rather it only terminates the current iteration of the loop.
 It is used with a decision-making statement which must be present inside the loop.
 This statement can be used inside for loop or while or do-while loop.

Syntax: continue;
 75 C++ Jump Statements

 A program to show the implementation of the continue statement in C++ :

Odd Numbers between 1 to 10

13579
 76 C++ Jump Statements

 Break Statements:
 It is used to terminate the whole loop if the condition is met.
 Unlike the continue statement after the condition is met, it breaks the loop and the
remaining part of the loop is not executed.
 Break statement is used with decision-making statements such as if, if-else, or switch
statement which is inside the for loop which can be for loop, while loop, or do-while
loop.
 It forces the loop to stop the execution of the further iteration.
Syntax: break;
 77 C++ Jump Statements

 Program to demonstrate break statement

Output

1234
 78 C++ Jump Statements

 Return statement
 The return statements can be used in any part of the function.
 The objective of the return statement is to stop the execution of the current function
and transfers the program control to the point from where it has been called
 If a return statement is used in the main function, it will stop the compilation process of
the program.
 The return statement is also used to transfer a computed value of the function that
belongs to a predefined return type to the variable used to call the function.

Syntax: return expression;

 79 C++ Jump Statements

 Program to demonstrate return statement

01234
 80 C++ Jump Statements

 Goto Statements
 Like the return statements, the goto statements can be used in any part of a function.
 The objective of the goto statement is to jump directly to any part of the function
 The goto statement hits the program control to the part of the program defined by a
label.
 A label acts as an argument to the goto statement and an identifier, initiating with a
colon(:), defining a piece of code
 A label can be placed anywhere in the program, irrespective of the position of the goto
statement
 81 C++ Jump Statements

 If the label is placed after the goto statement, it is said to be a forward reference.
 If the label is placed before the goto statement, it is said to be a backward reference.
 Diagram to show forward and backward reference in the goto statement:
82 Examples
Backward reference Forward reference
 THANK YOU!
Any Questions??
You can find me at
[email protected]
[email protected]