GRADE 11

STATISTICS AND
PROBABILITY
 Learning Objectives:

• Illustrate a random variable (discrete or continuous).

• Distinguish between a discrete and continuous random variable.
• Find possible values of a random variable.
• Illustrate a probability distribution for a discrete random
variable and its properties.
• Compute probabilities corresponding to a given random variable.
 COIN DICE

How many faces are How about a die?

there in a coin?
 2 ( Head and Tail) 6
Hayang Kulob
 Experiment or
Sample Space Event
trial

Probability Outcome

 Any activity which can be done repeatedly under similar conditions

 The set of all possible outcomes in an experiment
 A subset of a sample space
 The elements in a sample space
 The ratio of the number of favorable outcomes to the number of
possible outcomes
 Any activity which can be done repeatedly Experiment or
under similar conditions trial

 The set of all possible outcomes in an Sample Space

experiment
 A subset of a sample space Event

 The elements in a sample space Outcome

 The ratio of the number of favorable
outcomes to the number of possible outcomes Probability
 Answer the following questions:

• 1. In how many ways can two coins fall?

• 2. If three coins are tossed, in how many ways can they fall?
• 3. In how many ways can a die fall?
• 4. In how many ways can two dice fall?
• 5. How many ways are there in tossing one coin and rolling a
die?
• 1. In how many ways can two coins fall? 4

HH HT TH TT
Tree Diagram
Solution: Consider the tree diagram in Figure 1 where
H is for heads and T is for tails.
1ST COIN 2ND COIN SAMPLE POINT

H HH
H
T HT

T H TH
T TT
Total outcome 4
• 2. If three coins are tossed, in how many ways can they 8
fall?

HHH HHT HTH THH

TTH THT HTT TTT

1ST COIN 2ND COIN 3RD COIN SAMPLE POINT

H HHH
H HHT
T
H
H HTH
T
T HTT

H THH
H
T THT
T
T H TTH

T TTT

Total outcome 8
• 3. In how many ways can a die fall? 6
• 4. In how many ways can two dice fall? 36

1, 1 1, 2 1, 3 1, 4 1, 5 1, 6
2, 1 2, 2 2, 3 2, 4 2, 5 2, 6
3, 1 3, 2 3, 3 3, 4 3, 5 3, 6
4, 1 4, 2 4, 3 4, 4 4, 5 4, 6
5, 1 5, 2 5, 3 5, 4 5, 5 5, 6
6, 1 6, 2 6, 3 6, 4 6, 5 6, 6
• 5. How many ways are there in tossing one coin and rolling a
die? 12

H,1 H, 2 H, 3 H, 4 H, 5 H, 6
T, 1 T, 2 T, 3 T, 4 T, 5 T, 6
Mary Ann, Hazel, and Analyn want to know what numbers can be
assigned for the frequency of heads that will occur in tossing three
coins. Can you help them? Thanks!
0, 1, 2, 3
TTT HTT HHT HHH
What is a RANDOM VARIABLE?
 RANDOM
VARIABLE
 is a result of chance
event, that you can
measure or count.
RANDOM VARIABLE
 is a numerical quantity that is
assigned to the outcome of an
experiment. It is a variable that
assumes numerical values associated
with the events of an experiment.
 RANDOM
VARIABLE
 is a quantitative variable which
values depends on change.
Examples of Random
Experiment
1. Tossing a coin
2. Rolling a fair die
Examples of Random
Experiment
3. Selecting a card from a
regular 52 card deck
 Examples of Random
Experiment
4. Counting numbers of defective
microchip manufactured by a
computer company
5. Record the speed of a race
car with a newly developed
engine in km/sec.
Example 1
Suppose two coins are tossed and we are
interested to determine the number of tails that
will come out. Let us use T to represent the
number of tails that will come out and H for
head. Determine the values of the random
variable T.
Tree Diagram
Solution: Consider the tree diagram in Figure 1 where
H is for heads and T is for tails.
1ST COIN 2ND COIN SAMPLE POINT

H HH
H
T HT

T H TH
T TT
Total outcome 4
 Example 1
Solution: Suppose two coins are tossed and we are interested to determine the number of tails
that will come out. Let us use T to represent the number of tails that will come out.
Determine the values of the random variable T.

STEPS SOLUTION
1. List the sample space S = { HH, HT, TH, TT}
2. Count the number of OUTCOME NUMBER OF
TAILS (VALUE OF
tails in each outcome T)

and assign this number HH 0

HT 1
to this outcome TH 1
TT 2
3. Conclusion The values of the random variable T
(number of tails) in this experiment are
0, 1 and 2.
EXAMPLE 2
Two balls are drawn in succession without
replacement from an urn containing 5 orange
balls and 6 violet balls. Let V be the random
variable representing the number of violet
balls and O for the orange balls. Find the
values of the random variable V.
Solution:
Ball 1 Ball 2 Outcome

orange
orange
OO
violet
OV
orange

violet
VO
violet

VV
 EXAMPLE 2
Solution: Two balls are drawn in succession without replacement from an urn containing 5
orange balls and 6 violet balls. Let V be the random variable representing the number
of violet balls and O for the orange balls. Find the values of the random variable V.

STEPS SOLUTION

1. List the sample space S = { OO, OV, VO VV}

Outcome Number of Violet balls
2. Count the number of ( Value of V )

violet balls in each OO 0

OV 1
outcome and assign this VO 1
number to this outcome VV 2
 EXAMPLE 3
Solution: Two balls are drawn in succession without replacement from an urn containing 5
orange balls and 6 violet balls. Let V be the random variable representing the
number of violet balls and O for the orange balls. Find the values of the random
variable V.

STEPS SOLUTION

3. Conclusion The values of the

random variable V
(number of violet balls)
in this experiment are 0,
1, and 2.
ACTIVITY
TIME!!!
ACTIVITY – QUESTION 1
A basket contains 10 red balls and 4 white
balls. If three balls are taken from the basket
one after the other, determine the possible
values of the random variable R representing
the number of red balls.
Solution:
Ball 1 Ball 2 Ball 3 Outcome
RRR

red
RRW
RWR
WRR

WWR
WRW
white
RWW
WWW
 ACTIVITY – QUESTION 1
Solution: A basket contains 10 red balls and 4 white balls. If three balls are taken from the
basket one after the other, determine the possible values of the random variable R
representing the number of red balls.

STEPS SOLUTION

1. List the sample space S = { RRR, RRW, RWR,

WRR, WWR,WRW,
RWW, WWW}
 ACTIVITY – QUESTION 1
Solution: A basket contains 10 red balls and 4 white balls. If three balls are taken from the
basket one after the other, determine the possible values of the random variable
R representing the number of red balls.

STEPS SOLUTION
Outcome Number of Violet
balls ( Value of R )
2. Count the number of RRR 3
red balls in each RRW 2
outcome and assign RWR 2
WRR 2
this number to this WWR 1
outcome. WRW 1
RWW 1
WW 0
 ACTIVITY – QUESTION 1
Solution: A basket contains 10 red balls and 4 white balls. If three balls
are taken from the basket one after the other, determine the
possible values of the random variable R representing the
number of red balls.

STEPS SOLUTION

3. Conclusion The values of the

random variable R
(number of red balls) in
this experiment are 0, 1,
2, and 3.
ACTIVITY – QUESTION 2
Four coins are tossed. Let T be the
random variable representing the
number of tails that occur. Find the
values of the random variable T.
1ST COIN 2ND COIN 3RD COIN 4TH COIN OUTCOME
H HHHH
H T HHHT
H T
H HHTH
T HHTT
H H HTHH
H T HTHT
T H HTTH
T T HTTT
H THHH
H T THHT
H H THTH
T
T T THTT
H TTHH
T H T TTHT
H TTTH
T T TTTT
 ACTIVITY – QUESTION 2
Solution: Four coins are tossed. Let T be the random variable
representing the number of tails that occur. Find the values of
the random variable T.

STEPS SOLUTION

1. List the sample space S = {HHHH, HHHT,

HHTH, HHTT, HTHH,
HTHT, HTTH, HTTT,
THHH, THHT, THTH,
THTT, TTHH, TTHT,
TTTH, TTTT}
 ACTIVITY – QUESTION 2

Solution: Four coins are tossed. Let T be the random variable representing the
number of tails that occur. Find the values of the random variable T.

STEPS SOLUTION
Outcome Number of Violet
balls ( Value of T )
2. Count the number of HHHH 0
tails in each outcome HHHT 1
and assign this number HHTH 1
HHTT 2
to this outcome. HTHH 1
HTHT 2
HTTH 2
HTTT 3
 ACTIVITY – QUESTION 2

Solution: Four coins are tossed. Let T be the random variable representing the
number of tails that occur. Find the values of the random variable T.

STEPS SOLUTION
Outcome Number of Violet
balls ( Value of T )

THHH 1
THHT 2
THTH 2
THTT 3
TTHH 2
TTHT 3
TTTH 3
TTTT 4
 ACTIVITY – QUESTION 2

Solution: Four coins are tossed. Let T be the random variable representing the
number of tails that occur. Find the values of the random variable T.

STEPS SOLUTION

3. Conclusion The values of the random

variable T (number of
tails) in this experiment
are 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4.
ASSIGNMENT – Q1
A pair of dice is rolled. Let X be the
random variable representing the sum of
the number of dots on the top faces.
Find the values of the random variable
X.
TREE DIAGRAM
1ST DIE 2ND DIE OUTCOME

1
2
1 3
4
5
6
TREE DIAGRAM
1ST DIE 2ND DIE OUTCOME

1
2
2 3
4
5
6
TREE DIAGRAM
OUTCOM
1 DIE
ST
2 ND
DIE
E
1
2
3 3
4
5
6
TREE DIAGRAM
OUTCOM
1 DIE
ST
2 ND
DIE
E
1
2
4 3
4
5
6
TREE DIAGRAM
1ST DIE 2ND DIE OUTCOME

1
2
5 3
4
5
6
TREE DIAGRAM
1ST DIE 2ND DIE OUTCOME

1
2
6 3
4
5
6
CONTINUOUS
DISCRETE
CONTINUOUS
CONTINUOUS
DISCRETE
QUIZ TIME! 
SOLUTIONS: