SPECIAL SENSES

vision
Presented by: Shumalila Arain
Assigned by : Sir Abdul Kareem
EYE
◦ The eye is the organ of sight (vision).
◦ Only a small area of the eyeball can be seen
because of it is surrounded by the bones of the
skull that make up the eye socket (orbit).
Structure of eye
The Eyeball
◦ Main part of the eye.
◦ Shape like a ball and full size about 2.5 cm (1inch) in diameter
◦ Inside the eye contains a clear, jelly like fluid that helps to support the eye and maintains its shape
◦ In front of the this fluid id waterier and AQUEOUS HUMOR
◦ Fluid in the back called VITREOUS HUMOR
The Wall of the eye
◦ The wall of the eye is the outer part of the eye that surrounds the ball of jelly-like fluid. It is made up of 3
layers called tunics. The wall of the eye contains many of the many of the main part of the eye.
1. Outer layer– made up of sclera and cornea (called the fibrous tunic)
2. Middle layer– made up of the uvea (called the vascular tunic)
3. Inner layer– made up of the retina (called the neural tunic)
Outer layer
◦ Sclera
◦ The sclera is the white of the eye. It’s made up of tough connective tissue and covers most of the eyeball.
The sclera is the protective covering of the eyeball. Muscles that control the movement of the eye attach
to the sclera.
◦ Cornea
◦ The cornea is the clear, dome shaped covering at the front of the eye. The cornea covers the pupil and the
iris. It doesn’t have any blood vessels so cells in the cornea get oxygen from tears that cover the surface
and the underlying aqueous homer. the lens is the main part that focuses light into retina but the cornea
also playes a rrole in bending (refracting) light that enters the eye.
Middle layer
◦ UVEA
◦ The uvea is divided into three main parts– the iris, choroid and ciliary body. The uvea contains many blood
vessels, lymph vessels and the inner muscles of the eye.
◦ Iris
◦ The iris is the thin, muscular colored part of the eye. It is located between the cornea and lens. The muscle
of the iris change the size of the pupil (the small, black area of the eye) to control the amount of light that
enters the eye. The iris has melanocytes, the cells that make a pigment called melanin. The amount of
melanin in the iris is what gives the eye its color.
◦ Choroid
◦ Choroid is a thin layer of tissue that lie between the sclera and retina. It contains many tiny blood vessels
that supply oxygen and nutrients to the retina. The choroid contains many melanocytes. The melanocytes in
the choroid absorb light to help lessen light reflection in the eye.
Ciliary body

◦ The ciliary body is a muscular ring of tissue at the junction of the iris and the choroid. Muscle fibers in
the ciliary body help the eye to focus on near or far objects by changing the shape of the lens. The ciliary
body also has cells that make aqueous humor, the jell like fluid in the front of the eye between the cornea
and lens.
Inner layer
◦ The inner most layer of the wall of the eye is made up of the retina (also called the neural tunic). The
retina has a layer of cells that absorb light that make up the pigmented layer. The retina also has a layer
of nerve cells (neuros) that make up the neural retina. Some of the neurons of the neural retina are
specialized cells called photoreceptors. There are two types of photoreceptors- rods and cones. Rods and
cones are sensitive to light and work together like a camera to capture information about what we see.
◦ Other neurons in the neural retina process some of the information about what we see and send it to the
optic nerve. The optic nerve then sends this information to the brain to finish processing.
Lens
◦ The lens is a transparent disc-shaped structure in the inner part of the eye. It lies directly behind the
cornea and iris. The lens changes its shape to allow the eye to focus on near or far objects. Light rays
pass through the lens and are focused on the retina to create images of objects at different distances from
the body.
Accessory parts of the eye
◦ The accessory parts of the eye include the
eyelids, conjunctiva and lacrimal (tear) glands.
They protect, lubricate and support the eyeball.
Eyelids
◦ The eyelid is the fold of the skin that covers and protects the eye. Muscles around the eye raise and close
the eyelid. The eyelid has sebaceous glands that make an oily secretion that prevents the watery film on
the eye from evaporating and the eyelid from sticking together. The eyelid works like a windshield wiper
that helps to lubricate the eye and keep the surface of the eye free from dust and other debris. The
eyelashes grow from the edges of the eyelid. They also help protect the eye from dust and debris.
Conjunctiva
◦ The conjunctiva is a clear mucous membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelid and the outer
surface of the eye. The conjunctiva secretes a watery fluid (mucus) that helps to lubricate the eyeball and
keep it moist.
Lacrimal gland and tears
◦ The lacrimal gland (also called tear gland) is located at the upper, outer corner of the eye. It secretes a
watery fluid that makes up tears. Small ducts drain tears from the lacrimal gland through very tiny
openings inside the inner corner of the eyelid. When the eye blinks, the tears are swept across the eye.
Tears lubricate the conjunctiva covering the surface of the eye and inner eyelid. Tears also remove dust
and debris from the eye and help to prevent infection.
Eye socket
◦ The eye socket (orbit) is a bowl shaped area made up pf bone formed from the skull. It contains the
eyeball, muscles, lacrimal gland, nerves, fat and connective tissue. The bone and tissues surrounding the
eyeball help to cushion and protect it. Eye muscles allow the eyeball to move in different directions.
These small muscles attach to the sclera near the front of the eye and to the bones of the orbit at the back.
Function of the eye
◦ The eye and brain work together to allow us to
see. The main function of the eye is to collect
light and information about what we see. This
information is sent to brain through optic
nerve. The brain then turns information into a
visual image or picture for us to see. If we lose
the vision in one eye, we can still see most of
what we could see before.
Image formation
◦ The optical elements of the eye focus an image of some object on a light-sensitive “film—the retina—
while ensuring the correct amount of light to make the proper exposure”.
◦ There are three process of image formation
1. The refraction or bending of light by the lens and cornea.
2. Accommodation the change in shape of the lens
3. Constriction or narrowing of the pupil
Refraction
◦ Light rays enter the eye through the cornea, the
clear front “window” of the eye. The cornea’s
refractive power bends the light in such a way
that they pass freely through the pupil the
opening in the center of the iris through which
the light enters the eye.
◦ The iris works like a shutter in a cornea. It has
ability to enlarge and shrink, depending how
much light entering the eye.
Accommodation
◦ The contraction of the ciliary muscles reduces
the tension in the ligaments and allows the lens
to contract into a more spherical shape. This
thickening of the lens is called accommodation,
and allows light from near objects to be
correctly focused on the retina.
Constriction of pupil
◦ Miosis of the eye refers to having small or
constricted pupils. The condition is also called
pupillary miosis. Pupils are the black circles in
the middle of your eyes. With miosis, the
muscles of your iris (the colored part eye)
tighten around your pupil. These muscles
control whether your pupils are large or small.
Another name for miosis is pinpoint pupils.
Thank
you