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PF Lecture 04

Here is a Problem Analysis Chart (PAC) for the problem: Input: distance (miles), miles per gallon, cost per gallon Processing: Step 1: gas needed = distance / miles per gallon Step 2: estimated cost = cost per gallon x gas needed Output: gas needed, estimated cost

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Blacknight Gaming
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36 views24 pages

PF Lecture 04

Here is a Problem Analysis Chart (PAC) for the problem: Input: distance (miles), miles per gallon, cost per gallon Processing: Step 1: gas needed = distance / miles per gallon Step 2: estimated cost = cost per gallon x gas needed Output: gas needed, estimated cost

Uploaded by

Blacknight Gaming
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Programming ……………

Problem Solving
+
Implementation
Programming….

 Programming is a two phase process…

 Problem Solving Phase


 Analysis and Specification
 Understand (define) the problem and what the solution must do.

 General Solution (Algorithm)


 Logical Sequence of Steps

 Verify
 Dry run
Phases
…
 Implementation Phase
 Concrete Solution
 Algorithm → Program

 Test/Evaluate
 Manual/Automated

 Maintenance
 Improvements
Programming!!
!
Problem Solving…. Clue for Learning
(CFL)

 Finding Solution is not enough….


 The Process to Solution
 AND

 The Effectiveness of Solution


 Are As much Important
Problem solving Requires
Determination……..CFL
Problem Solving……Mistakes (CFLs:)

 You will make mistakes;


 Accept it.
 This is normal and you learn from them.
 Do not avoid risking making them.
 The Process is MORE important than ANSWER 

 Solution is not always complex;


 Sometimes a simple solution can fix a complex problem.

 “An expert is a man who has made all the mistakes which can be made in a very narrow
field.”Niels Bohr

 “Anyone who has never made a mistake has never tried anything new.” Albert Einstein
Problem Solving……Simplicity (CFLs:)

 “Any intelligent fool can make things bigger and more complex... It takes a
touch of genius - and a lot of courage to move in the opposite direction.”
Albert Einstein

 “Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler.”


Albert Einstein

 Take the problem and break it down in to smaller and smaller chunks that
are now manageable.
Formalizing the Thinking Process!!!!

 In day to day life, we come to a lot of problems and find solutions to them…..
 Finding a solution starts with thinking….

 We are going to formalize … What we are already doing 

 The First step/exercise: Transform the thoughts to Paper Natural Language


transformation of thoughts….

 Swap contents of two containers… 1st Example


Formalizing the Thinking Process!!!!

 Bottle Opening Problem [Class activity]

 Write down a detailed list of instructions on how to open a bottle. [2 column form]

 Have you considered all situations?


 For example:
 What if the bottle is upside does your routine still work?
 What if the top is already off, does you routine still work?
 Is your routine sufficiently detailed that if you gave it to someone they would follow exactly as
you expected?
 Is there any other way it could have been done?
 What type of bottle is being opened?
 Does it work for all bottles?

 You have produced the solution based on assumptions


Formalizing the Thinking Process!!!!

 Making a cup of tea [Class activity]

 Write down a detailed list of instructions on how to make a cup of tea. [2 column
form]

 Have you considered all situations?


 Give the list of steps to another class mate
 Let’s see, how much the steps are clear to him
 Have you made any assumptions?????
 Let’s compare the lists of steps produced by students…..
What is an algorithm?
 Before a computer can perform a task, it must
have an algorithm that tells it what to do.
 Informally: “An algorithm is a set of steps that
define how a task is
performed.”
 Formally: “An algorithm is an ordered set of unambiguous executable steps,
defining a terminating process.”
 Ordered set of steps: structure!
 Executable steps: doable!
 Unambiguous steps: follow the directions!
 Terminating: must have an end!
What is an algorithm? (Cont’d)

 An algorithm is an ordered set of


 unambiguous,
 executable steps,
 defining a terminating process.
Important Properties of Algorithms

 Correct
 always returns the desired output for all legal instances of the
problem.
 Unambiguous
 Precise
 Efficient
 Can be measured in terms of
 Time
 Space
 Time tends to be more important
Representation of
Algorithms

 A single algorithm can be represented in many ways:


 Formulas: F = (9/5)C + 32
 Words: Multiply the Celsius by 9/5 and add 32.
 Flow Charts.
 Pseudo-code.
 In each case, the algorithm stays the same; the implementation differs!
Expressing
Algorithms

 English description
 Flow Chart More
More easily  Pseudo-code
expressed precise
 High-level programming language
Problem Solving….

 1- Analysis and Specification


 Input-Process-Output
(IPO)
 Problem Analysis Chart (PAC)
 Examples
 Problem sets

 2- Algorithm
 Algorithmic Constructs
 Flow Chart
 Pseudo code

 3- Test/Evaluate
 Dry run
Analyze the Problem…

 Thoroughly understand the problem


 Understand problem requirements
 Does program require user interaction?
 Does program manipulate data?
 What is the output?
 If the problem is complex, divide it into subproblems
 Analyze each subproblem as above
Analyze the Problem…
 Example: Payroll Problem
 Calculate the salary of an employee who works
by hourly basis. The formula to be used is

Salary = Hour works * Pay rate

Input Processing Output


Hours work, Salary = Hours work * payrate Salary
Pay rate
Problem 1

Write a Problem Analysis Chart (PAC) to convert


the distance in miles to kilometers where
1.609 kilometers per mile.

Input Processing Output


Distance in Kilometers = Distance in
miles 1.609 x miles kilometers
Problem 2

 Write a Problem Analysis Chart (PAC) to find an


area of a circle where area = pi * radius * radius

Input Processing Output


radius area = 3.14 x radius x radius area
Problem 3

 Write a Problem Analysis Chart (PAC) to compute and display


the temperature inside the earth in Celsius and Fahrenheit. The
relevant formulas are
Celsius = 10 x (depth) + 20
Fahrenheit = 1.8 x (Celsius) + 32

Input Processing Output

depth Step1: celsius = 10 x (depth) Display celsius,


+ 20 Display
Step2: fahrenheit = 1.8 x fahrenheit
(celsius) + 32
Problem 4

 Write a problem analysis chart (PAC) that asks a user to enter the distance of
a trip in miles, the miles per gallon estimate for the user’s car, and the
average cost of a gallon of gas. Calculate and display the number of gallons of
gas needed and the estimated cost of the trip.
Input Processing Output
distance, Step1: gas needed = Display gas needed
miles per gallon, distance / miles per
cost per gallon gallon.
Display estimated cost

Step2: estimated cost


= cost per gallon x gas
needed

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