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Fundamentals of ChEg Chapter 4

The document discusses energy balance concepts. It defines different forms of energy including kinetic energy, potential energy, and internal energy. It then explains how to perform an energy balance on a closed system using the first law of thermodynamics. The energy balance equation for a closed system is presented as a change in internal, kinetic and potential energy equal to heat added minus work done. The document also discusses how to apply the energy balance equation to open systems, where the primary term is a change in enthalpy.

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bahru demeke
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63 views17 pages

Fundamentals of ChEg Chapter 4

The document discusses energy balance concepts. It defines different forms of energy including kinetic energy, potential energy, and internal energy. It then explains how to perform an energy balance on a closed system using the first law of thermodynamics. The energy balance equation for a closed system is presented as a change in internal, kinetic and potential energy equal to heat added minus work done. The document also discusses how to apply the energy balance equation to open systems, where the primary term is a change in enthalpy.

Uploaded by

bahru demeke
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter Four

Energy Balance
Energy Balance

 Energy is expensive
 Effect product cost
 Thus, need to do energy balance on a process
unit
 Not difficult, just like mass balance
Energy Balance
Energy forms:
1. Kinetic Energy, Ek
 Translational motion to a reference
 In other words; motion, movement or flow
1 2
 Given by: Ek = mv where,
2 m is mass, kg
v is velocity, m/s
Energy Balance
Energy forms:
2. Potential Energy, Ep
 Position of system in a potential field
 In other words; energy ready to use
 meaning of potential
where,
 Given by: E p = mgz m is mass, kg
g is gravitational
velocity, m/s
z is height, m
Energy Balance
Energy forms:
3. Internal Energy, U
 Other than kinetic and potential energies
 Motion of molecules
Energy Balance
Total energy then given by:

kinetic + potential + internal energies, as


1 2
Etotal = Ek + E p + U = mv + mgz + U
2
Energy Balance(closed system)
 Balance governed by First Law of Thermodynamics
i.e , energy is neither created nor destroyed
 thus:
accumulation = input - output
 Generation and consumption are left out as they are
not relevant in a conservation system
 accumulation term is actually the changes of energy
at the beginning and at the end.
 Then we can define input as initial energy state and
output as final energy state
Energy Balance(closed system)
So that we have:
final energy state - initial energy state = energy change
(output) (input) (accumulation)

Also, energy in a closed system (no mass transfer):


1. Heat, Q - energy as a result of temperature
difference
 high to low direction
 positive when flow to system

2. Work, W - energy as a result of a driving force


other than temperature , eg. force, voltage.
 positive when done by system
Energy Balance(closed system)
So
final energy state - initial energy state = energy change
(output) (input) (accumulation)

In a closed system becomes:


(Uf + Ekf + Epf) - (Ui + Eki + Epi) = Q-Ws
or
(Uf- Ui) + (Ekf - Eki) + (Epf- Epi) = Q-Ws
it turned out then as:
DU + DEk + DEp = Q-Ws
Energy Balance(closed system)
DU + DEk + DEp = Q - Ws
DU :
 depends on chemical composition, aggregation and
Temperature
 usually independent of pressure in ideal conditions
 thus usually equals 0 in closed system where not
much changes to the species and conditions
Energy Balance(closed system)
DU + DEk + DEp = Q - Ws

DEk : equals 0 when system is not accelerating


DEp : equals 0 when system is not rising or falling
Q: equals 0 when system is adiabatic - no heat
movement between system and surrounding.
Ws : equals 0 when system boundary is not
experiencing movement
Energy Balance(closed system)
DU + DEk + DEp = Q - Ws

Cylinder with piston:

25oC Add 2 kcal 100oC


initial final
state state
Energy Balance(closed system)
DU + DEk + DEp = Q - Ws

25oC Add 2 kcal 100oC


initial final
state state

DEk = 0, system not moving


DEp = 0, no vertical displacement DU = Q
Ws = 0, no moving boundary
Energy Balance(closed system)
DU + DEk + DEp = Q - Ws

Piston
released
100oC Do 100J 100oC
work
initial final
state state
DEk = 0, system not moving
DEp = 0, no vertical displacement Q = Ws
DU = 0, no Temperature changes
Energy Balance(open system)
H  Ek  E p  Q  Ws
For unit mass of material (i.e. for m=1):

 1 2  1 2
 h1  g z1  v1   q   h2  g z 2  v 2   wS  0
 2   2 
1
 h  g z  v 2  q  wS
2
 Change   Change   Change 
     
  in    in    in   q  wS
 enthalpy   P  E   K  E 
     
Energy Balance(open system)
In most chemical processes, kinetic energy and potential energy changes
are insignificant compared with the rest. Thus the equation above can be
reduced to:

h  q  wS .....................................................1

h is the difference in enthalpy b/n the out-flowing and the in-flowing streams.
For a process with a multiple input and output streams, equation (1) becomes:

n l

m ok  hok   mij  hij  Q  WS ...................................2 


k 1 j 1
17

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