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Matrices

Here are the steps to solve this matrix multiplication exercise: 1. A is a 2x2 matrix, B is a 2x3 matrix, C is a 3x1 matrix, D is a 1x3 matrix 2. a) A B is undefined as the number of columns of A does not match the number of rows of B b) A C is a 2x1 matrix as the number of columns of A matches the number of rows of C c) B D is undefined as the number of columns of B does not match the number of rows of D d) C A is a 3x2 matrix as the number of rows of C matches the number of columns of A 3. A D and

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39 views15 pages

Matrices

Here are the steps to solve this matrix multiplication exercise: 1. A is a 2x2 matrix, B is a 2x3 matrix, C is a 3x1 matrix, D is a 1x3 matrix 2. a) A B is undefined as the number of columns of A does not match the number of rows of B b) A C is a 2x1 matrix as the number of columns of A matches the number of rows of C c) B D is undefined as the number of columns of B does not match the number of rows of D d) C A is a 3x2 matrix as the number of rows of C matches the number of columns of A 3. A D and

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John's Plumbing Ltd
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© © All Rights Reserved
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1

MATRICES
Prepared
By Mrs. A. F. Mohammed
What is a 1
A Matrix is an array of
numbers. It is an array of
Matrix? numbers written in a bracket
either ( ) or [ ] type brackets
2
A Matrix has rows and columns

( 7
9
6
2 ) 3

4
A row goes horizontal (left to
right

A column goes vertical (up to


down)
Labelling A
1 We name a matrix by writing it’s # of rows × # of
columns

2
In the diagram shown we have 3 rows and 2
columns
Matrix
3 This will be a 3×2 matrix

In the example each number in the matrix will A=


have a name by where it’s positioned

A=
4 The numbers show where each number is located
in the matrix = 1, the number in the 1st row and 1st
column. Similarly, = 7, the number in the 3rd row
and 2nd colum
Example 1: Consider the following example

Using regarding the number of male and female workers


in two shops I and II.

Matrices (real Male Workers Female Workers

life problem) 1 10 18

2 25 28

Represent the above information in the form of a


2×2 matrix. What do the entry in the 2nd row and
2nd column represent?

Solution: The information in the form of 2×2


matrixes is follows:

A=

The entry in 2nd row and 2nd column represents


female workers i.e. 28.
Matrix Exercise 5

• In a matrix A=
• Find
• 1) The size of the matrix A (i.e. Row x Column)
• 2) The number of elements in the matrix A ( amount of numbers in the matrix)
• 3) Write the elements at
Adding or Subtracting Matrices 6

• To add or subtract two matrices they both need to be the same


size. As in A and B both are 2 x 2 matrices. ( i.e. 2 rows and 2
A=
columns.)
B= • To add or subtract two matrices: add or subtract the numbers in
the matching positions

A+B= + =

A–B= - =
Addition and Subtraction Exercise 7

Find:
• A= 1) A + B
• B= 2) B – A
• C= 3) D + C
• D= 4) C – D
• E= 5) Can E be added to any of the matrices
labelled A to D? Explain your answer.
Multiplying a • We can multiply a matrix by a constant (the value 2 8

in this case)

Matrix by a Z=
Find 2 × Z

constant 2×Z=2×
2Z =
2Z =
• We call the constant a scalar, so officially this is
called "scalar multiplication"
Multiplying a Matrix by another Matrix 9

• But to multiply a matrix by another matrix we need to do the "dot product" of rows and
columns ... what does that mean? Let us see with an example:

• The "Dot Product" is where we multiply matching members, then sum up:
(1, 2, 3) • (7, 9, 11) = 1×7 + 2×9 + 3×11 = 58
• We match the 1st members (1 and 7), multiply them, likewise for the 2nd members (2 and 9)
and the 3rd members (3 and 11), and finally sum them up.
Want to see another example? Here it is for the 1st row and 2nd column: 10

We can do the same thing for the 2nd row and 1st column:

(4, 5, 6) • (7, 9, 11) = 4×7 + 5×9 + 6×11


= 139

And for the 2nd row and 2nd column:

(4, 5, 6) • (8, 10, 12) = 4×8 + 5×10 + 6×12


= 154

And we get:
You may have noticed when we multipled 2 different sizes of matrices and got a differently 11

sized matrix.
The 1st matrix was a 2 x 3 ( 2 rows, 3 columns) and the 2nd was a 3 x 2 ( 3rows, 2 columns)
when multiplied our result was a 2 x 2 matrix (2 rows, 2 colomns)
In General:

To multiply an m×n matrix by an n×p matrix, the n’s must be the same,
and the result is an m×p matrix. Matrices multiply rows
Multiplying 2 Matrices examples 12

• Example 1: So ... multiplying a 1×3 by a • Example 2: But multiplying a 3×1 by a 1×3


3×1 gets a 1×1 result: gets a 3×3 result:
•
• (1 2 3) = (1 x4 + 2x5 + 3x6) = (4+10+18) = =
(32)
Identity Matrix 13

• The "Identity Matrix" is the matrix equivalent


of the number "1“
• It is "square" (has same number of rows as
columns)
• It can be large or small (2×2, 100×100, ...
whatever)
2 x 2 identity matrix • It has 1s on the main diagonal and 0s
everywhere else
• Its symbol is the capital letter I
3 x 3 identity matrix
• It is a special matrix, because when we
multiply by it, the original is unchanged:
A×I=A

I×A=A
Order of Multiplication 14

• In arithmetic we are used to:


• Example :
3×5=5×3 =
(The Commutative Law of Multiplication)

• But this is not generally true for matrices


(matrix multiplication is not commutative):
= ≠
AB ≠ BA
= since they don’t give the
same answer.
• When we change the order of
multiplication, the answer is (usually)
different.
Exercise 15

• 1. Name the size of each • 3. Explain why A D and


matrix eg A is 2 2 matrix B C can’t be multiplied
• 2. Find • 4. Is A and C
• a. A B commutative?
• b. A C
• c. B D
• d. C A

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