DATA ARRANGEMENT AND

PRESENTATION
formation of tables and charts
Presentation of data
Principles:
Data should be arranged in such a way that it
will arouse interest in reader.
The data should be made sufficiently concise
without losing important details.
The data should presented in simple form to
enable the reader to form quick impressions and
to draw some conclusion, directly or indirectly.
Should facilitate further statistical analysis .
It should define the problem and suggest its
solution
Methods of presentation of data
The first step in statistical analysis is to present
data in an easy way to be understood.
There are three ways for data presentation. These
are:
 Textual Method
 Tabulation

 Graphical Method
 Presentation of data
Textual Method Tabular Method Graphical Method

• Rearrangement Frequency • Bar Chart

from lowest to distribution table
highest (FDT)
• Stem-and- leaf Relative FDT • Histogram
plot
Cumulative FDT • Frequency
Polygon
• Pie Chart
Textual Presentation of Data

If we are present the performance of our

section in the Statistics test. The following
are the test scores of our class:

34 42 20 50 17 9 34 43 50 18 35 43 50 23

23 35 37 38 38 39 39 38 38 39 24 29 25 26

28 27 44 44 49 48 46 45 45 46 45 46
Solution:
First, arrange the data in order for you to
identify the important characteristics. This
can be done in two ways: rearranging from
lowest to highest or using the stem-and-leaf
plot. Below is the rearrangement of data from
lowest to highest:

9 23 28 35 38 43 45 48 17 24 29 37 39 43 45

49 18 25 34 38 39 44 46 50 20 26 34 38 39

44 46 50 23 27 35 38 42 45 46 50
Stem-and-leaf Plot
Data rearrangement is done by making use of the
stem-and-leaf plot.

 Stem-and-leaf Plot is a table which sorts data

according to a certain pattern. It involves
separating a number into two parts. In a two-
digit number, the stem consists of the first digit,
and the leaf consists of the second digit. While in
a three-digit number, the stem consists of the
first two digits, and the leaf consists of the last
digit. In a one-digit number, the stem is zero.
Below is the stem-and-leaf plot of the ungrouped data given in
the example.

Stem Leaves
0 9
1 7,8
2 0,3,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
3 4,4,5,5,7,8,8,8,8,9,9,9
4 2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5,6,6,6,8,9
5 0,0,0

Utilizing the stem-and-leaf plot, we can readily see the order of

the data. Thus, we can say that the top ten got scores 50, 50, 50,
49, 48, 46, 46, 46,45, and 45 and the ten lowest scores are 9, 17,
18, 20, 23,23,24,25,26, and 27.
TABULAR
METHOD
Rules and guidelines for tabular
presentation
Table must be numbered
Brief and self explanatory title must be given to
each table.
The heading of columns and rows must be clear,
sufficient, concise and fully defined.
The data must be presented according to size of
importance, chronologically, alphabetically or
geographically
Table should not be too large.
Figures needing comparison should be placed as
close as possible
The classes should be fully defined, should not
lead to any ambiguity.
The classes should be exhaustive i.e. should
include all the given values.
The classes should be mutually exclusive and non
overlapping.
The classes should be of equal width or class
interval should be same
Open ended classes should be avoided as far as
possible.
The number of classes should be neither too large
nor too small. Can be 10-20 classes. Formula for
number of classes(C): C=1+3.322 log(n), where n
is total number of observation in data.
 Frequency Distribution Table
A frequency distribution table is a table which shows
the data arranged into different classes(or categories)
and the number of cases(or frequencies) which fall
into each class.
Grouped Data vs. Ungrouped Data
Ungrouped data is the data you first gather from an
experiment or study. The data is raw form that is, it’s not
sorted into categories and classified.
Grouped data is data that has been bundled together
in categories. Histograms and frequency tables can be
used to show this type of data.
Sample of a Frequency Distribution Table for Ungrouped Data
Relative Frequency Table

Relative frequency = class frequency (ƒ)

sum of all frequencies(∑ƒ)
Cumulative Frequency
Table
 Exercise: The following data shows the ages of 50 cancer
patients admitted in Shaukat Khanum Memorial Hospital, Lahore:

48 29 31 32 54 33 44 36 38 31

46 30 20 44 47 39 42 35 33 47
31 35 34 42 41 42 43 35 32 35
43 36 37 45 46 41 25 27 26 40
38 41 44 47 45 45 52 43 44 43

Make a frequency distribution table. Find out class

boundaries , mid points, relative frequency and
cumulative relative frequency from a given data.
GRAPHICAL
METHOD
Charts and diagrams

Graphic presentations used to

illustrate and clarify information.
Tables are essential in presentation
of scientific data and diagrams are
complementary to summarize these
tables in an easy, attractive and
simple way.
The Charts should be:

• Simple
• Easy to understand
• Save a lot of words
• Self explanatory
• Has a clear title indicating its
content
• Fully labeled
• The y axis (vertical) is usually
used for frequency
Various charts and diagrams
 Bar Chart
 Histogram
 Frequency polygon
 Cumulative frequency curve
 Scatter Chart
 Line Chart
 Pie diagram
Bar Chart
Widely used, easy to prepare tool for comparing categories of
mutually exclusive discrete data.
 Different categories are indicated on one axis and frequency of
data in each category on another axis.
Length of the bar indicate the magnitude of the frequency of the
character to be compared.
The width of the bar and the gaps between the bars should be
equal throughout.
The bars may be vertical or horizontal.

3 types of bar diagram:

o Simple
o Multiple or compound
o Component or proportional
Simple Bar Chart
Year Exports Exports of Pakistan (in US $ million)

1948 138

1951 406

1961 378

1971 683

1981 2958

1991 6168

2001 9202

2005 14410
 Multiple Compound Bar Chart
1.    Multiple bar chart is an extension of simple bar chart.
2.    Grouped bars are used to represent related sets of data. For
example, imports and exports of a country together are shown in
multiple bar chart.
3.    Each bar in a group is shaded or coloured differently for the sake of
distinction

Imports Exports
Years Rs. Rs.
(billion) (billion)
1982-83 68.15 34.44
1983-84 76.71 37.33
1984-85 89.78 37.98
1985-86 90.95 49.59
1986-87 92.43 63.35
1987-88 111.38 78.44
Component or proportional bar chart
Subdivision of a single bar to indicate the
composition of the total divided into sections
according to their relative proportion.
For example two communities are compared in
their proportion of energy obtained from various
food stuff, each bar represents energy intake by
one community, the height of the bar is 100, it is
divided horizontally into 3 components (Protein,
Fat and carbohydrate) of diet, each component
is represented by different color or shape.
Histogram
 Used for Quantitative, Continuous Variables.
 It is used to present variables which have no
gaps e.g age, weight, height, blood pressure,
blood sugar etc.
 It consist of a series of blocks. The class
intervals are given along horizontal axis and the
frequency along the vertical axis.
Frequency Polygon
Derived from a histogram by connecting the mid
points of the tops of the rectangles in the
histogram.
The line connecting the centers of histogram
rectangles is called frequency polygon.
We can draw polygon without rectangles so we
will get simpler form of line graph.
A special type of frequency polygon is the
Normal Distribution Curve.
 Sex
Frequency polygon Age
M F
MP

20- (12%) (10%) 25

Males Females 30- (36%) (30%) 35
%
40- (8%) (25%) 45
40
50- (16%) (15%) 55
35
60-70 (8%) (20%) 65
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Age
25 35 45 55 65

Figure (2): Distribution of 45 patients at (place) , in (time) by age and sex

 Frequency curve
9
8 Female

7 Male

6
Frequency

5
4

3
2

0
20- 30- 40- 50- 60-69
Age in years
Cumulative frequency diagram or O’give

 An ogive is a graph that represents cumulative

frequencies or cumulative relative frequencies of a data
set.
 The cumulative frequency is plotted on the y-axis
against the data which is on the x-axis for un-grouped
data. When dealing with grouped data, the Ogive is
formed by plotting the cumulative frequency against the
upper boundary of the class.
Cumulative frequency for ungrouped data
Age Cumulative
Frequency
(years) Frequency
10 5 5
11 10 5+10 = 15
12 27 15+27 = 42
13 18 42+18 = 60
14 6 60+6 = 66
15 16 66+16 = 82
16 38 82+38 = 120
17 9 120+9 = 129
 Constructing an Ogive
 Here is the Frequency Distribution for the attendance (in thousands) at
Super Bowl Data for games I to XXXVI (1 to 36):
Class Class Freq. Relative Cumulative Cumulative
Limits Boundaries Frequency Frequency Relative
Frequency
62-69 61.5-69.5 3 .08
70-77 69.5-77.5 19 .53
78-85 77.5-85.5 8 .22
86-93 85.5-93.5 1 .03
94-101 93.5-101.5 2 .06
102-109 101.5-109.5 3 .08

 Notice the two extra columns.

 Cumulative Values
 Cumulative Frequencies and Cumulative Relative Frequencies
represent “running totals” for the two columns which precede
them. Below is a “complete” frequency distribution.
Step 1: Draw a Cumulative Relative
Frequency Histogram.
Step 2: Draw the Ogive Curve
Step 3: Remove the Histogram (optional)
Percentiles

A percentile is a certain percentage of a set of data. Percentiles

are used to observe how many of a given set of data fall within a
certain percentage range; for example; a thirtieth percentile
indicates data that lies the 13% mark of the entire data set.
Calculating Percentiles
Percentile as Pm where m represents the percentile we're
finding, for example for the tenth percentile, m} would be 10.
Given that the total number of elements in the data set is N
Quartiles
The term quartile is derived from the word quarter which means one
fourth of something. Thus a quartile is a certain fourth of a data set.
When you arrange a date set increasing order from the lowest to the
highest, then you divide this data into groups of four, you end up with
quartiles. There are three quartiles that are studied in statistics.
 First Quartile (Q1)-------(1⁄4) 25th percentile  (n + 1) ÷ 4
 Second Quartile (Q2) ---(2⁄4) 50th percentile  2(n + 1) ÷ 4
 Third Quartile (Q3)------(3⁄4) 75th percentile 3(n + 1) ÷ 4
 Age Cumulative
Frequency
(years) Frequency
10 5 5
11 10 15
12 27 42
13 18 60
14 6 66
15 16 82
16 38 120
17 9 129

Interquartile Range
The interquartile range is the
difference between the third quartile
and the first quartile.
Scatter/ dot diagram
Also called as Correlation diagram ,it is useful
to represent the relationship between two
numeric measurements, each observation being
represented by a point corresponding to its value
on each axis.
In negative correlation, the points will be
scattered in downward direction, meaning that
the relation between the two studied
measurements is controversial i.e. if one
measure increases the other decreases
While in positive correlation, the points will be
scattered in upward direction.
Line diagram:
Itis diagram showing the relationship between
two numeric variables (as the scatter) but the
points are joined together to form a line.
Used to show the trend of events with the
passage of time
Pie diagram:
Consist of a circle whose area represents the total frequency
(100%) which is divided into segments.
Each segment represents a proportional composition of the total
frequency.
A pie chart is a circular statistical graphic which is divided into
slices to illustrate numerical proportion. In a pie chart, the arc
length of each slice is proportional to the quantity it represents.
The formula to determine the angle of a sector in a circle graph
is:

Q = Component Part x 360˚

Total
Example: Student Grades
Here is how many students got each grade in the recent test:
And here is the pie chart:

A B C D
4 12 10 2