Searching the File System

• Use command- find

– It search for files in a directory hierarchy under Linux and
all other UNIX like operating systems.
– Examples:
• find . - name thisfile.txt. ...
• find /home -name *.jpg. Look for all . ...

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 Searching the File System contd..
Use command- grep
• grep is an acronym that stands for Global Regular Expression
Print.
The grep command searches through the file, looking for matches to
the pattern specified.
Grep is case-sensitive.

Example:
grep myname biodata
• Here biodata is file and myname is specific pattern for searching in
biodata file

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 Use of grep

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 Use of grep contd..

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 Kill command
– The killall is a Linux only command. It kills processes by names.
– Examples:
• killall {Process-Name-Here}
• killall -9 {Process-Name-Here}
• killall -15 {Process-Name-Here}
• kill the process using a PID (Process ID)
– # kill 3486
PID can be searched using pgrep command

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 Path Variable
• It displays or set a search path for executable files at the command line.
• Syntax PATH pathname [;pathname] [;pathname] [;pathname]... PATH
PATH ; Key pathname : drive letter and/or folder ; : the command 'PATH ;'
will clear the path PATH without parameters will display the current path.
• The %PATH% environment variable contains a list of folders.

• The PATH variable is an environment variable containing an ordered

list of paths that Linux will search for executables when running a
command.
– For example, if we want to print Hello, world! in Bash, the command 
echo can be used rather than /bin/echo, so long as /bin is in PATH:

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 Adding/Deleting a Path
• Using the export command, new path can be added.

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• Activity

• Add to the path in Windows

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 Other Shell Commands:
• ls • rmdir
• cat • mkdir
• man • rm
• cd • chmod
• touch • pwd
• cp • ps
• mv • kill

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ls command
• The ls command is used to list files or directories in Linux and other Unix-
based operating systems.
• Use of ls command as below:

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cat command
• Outputs the contents of a text file.
• You can use it to read brief files or to concatenate files together.
• To append file1 onto the end of file2, enter:
• cat file1 >> file2
• To view the contents of a file named myfile, enter:
• cat myfile

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man command
• The man command is a built-in manual for using Linux commands.
• Displays the user manual of any command that we can run on the terminal.
It provides a detailed view of the command which includes NAME,
SYNOPSIS, DESCRIPTION, OPTIONS, EXIT STATUS, RETURN
VALUES, ERRORS, FILES, VERSIONS, EXAMPLES, AUTHORS.
• Basic Symbol

• option – the search result output.

• section number – the section in which to look for the man page.
• command name – the name of the command which man page you want to
see.
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cd command
• It changes your current directory location.
• By default, your Unix login session begins in your home directory.
• To switch to a subdirectory (of the current directory) named myfiles, enter:
• cd myfiles
• To switch to a directory named /home/dvader/empire_docs, enter:
• cd /home/dvader/empire_docs

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 Touch
The touch command's
primary function is to
modify a timestamp.

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cp
• This command copies a file, preserving the original and creating an
identical copy.
– cp -i oldfile newfile
mv
mv stands for move.
mv is used to move one or more files or directories from one place to
another in a file system like UNIX.
Use it as:
mv [Option] source destination 

chmod
• This command changes the permission information associated with a
file.
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Mkdir
• The mkdir command is used to create (or make) a directory.
• Example:
• # mkdir LPUCSE

rmdir
• The rmdir directory is used to remove directories, but only those that are
empty (i.e., contain no files or subdirectories). In order to delete a directory
with actual contents, you must use the rm -R command.
• Example
• To remove an empty directory:
• # rmdir /mike

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Rm
Use the rm command to remove files you no longer need.
Example
Removing one file at a time
$ rm CSEA.txt

Pwd
Simply type pwd into your terminal, and the command will output the
absolute path of your print working directory.
The pwd command writes to standard output the full path name of your
current directory (from the root directory). All directories are separated by
a / (slash). The root directory is represented by the first /, and the last
directory named is your current directory.
The ps command, short for Process Status, is a command line utility that is
used to display or view information related to the processes running in a
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ps
The ps command, short for Process Status, is a command line utility that is
used to display or view information related to the processes running in a
Linux system.

kill
kill command in Linux (located in /bin/kill), is a built-in command which is
used to terminate processes manually.

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