PERMUTATIONS

TOPIC 1
 PERMUTATIONS
 Refers to a set of object in any arrangement of the said objects in a definite
order.
 To “permute” n things means to arrange them in a definite or special order. The
pattern of arrangement is specific, not just any of arrangement.
n n! How to Obtained
1 1 1 n = whole numbers
2 2 2x1 n! = n Factorial
3 6 3x2x1 P = n! (permutation
4 24 4x3x2x1 of n)
5 120 5x4x3x2x1
 How to get permutation?
 PROBLEM : How many ways we can arrange the letters of the word DOG?
 (3) (2) (1) = 6 possible arrangement
 PROBLEM : In how many specific ways can three books, Statistics, Algebra and
Biology, be arranged on a shelf?
 P = n!
 =3
 = 321
 P = 6 possible arrangement
 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING!
 EXAMPLE 1 :
 How many different arrangements of letters can we form from the
word MAPHY?
 P = n!
 P = 5!
 =5
 P = 120 arrangements
 Permutations of n Objects Taken r at a time
 The formula for the number of permutations of a set of objects from a
set of n different objects, taken r at a time, without replacements.
 n Pr =

n = total items in the set

n! = n Factorial
P = Permutations
r =  items taken for the permutation
 How to get Permutations of n Objects Taken r at a time?

 PROBLEM : If there are 3 routes from Parañaque to Pasay and 8 routes from Pasay
to Makati, how many different routes may be taken in going from Parañaque to
Makati via Pasay?

 n Pr = 3x8 = n 24 ways
n = total items in the set
 24P3 =
n! = n Factorial
 = P = Permutations
 = = 12, 144 r =  items taken for the permutation
 How to get Permutations of n Objects Taken r at a time?

 EXAMPLE 1: How many 5 letter words can be formed from the word FORMALITY?

nPr =
 9 P5 =
 =
 =9
 = 15, 120 words
 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING!

 PROBLEM: How many permutations of 5 cards are there from a deck of 52 cards?

nPr =
 52P5 =
 =
 =
 = 311, 875, 200 permutations
 Permutation of n Objects Not All Distinct
 The number of permutations P of n things taken all at a time, when there are n1
things of one kind, n2 of things of another kind, n3 things of a third kind, and so
on up until things of 10th kind.

P =
 How to get Permutation of n Objects Not All Distinct?

 EXAMPLE 1: How many permutations can be made with the word CONCOCTION?
 3 C’s, 3 O’s, 2 N’s, 1 T and 1 I

P =
 =
 =
 = 50,400 permutations
 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING!

PROBLEM: A man flip 10 coins among his ten children. The coins are 2
centavos, 3 centavos, 4 centavos and 1 peso coin. If each of them is to get
one coin, in how many ways can the children share the coins?

P =
 =
 =
 = 12, 600 ways
 Circular Permutation
To find the number of different ways n things may be
arranged in a circle we first designate a place for one of the
objects as our point of origin. Then, all the others can be
arranged in their positions in (n-1)! Ways. “this is used in
numbers and from above the answer is the sum of (n-1) no
need to permute”
P = (n - 1)
 How to get Circular Permutation?
EXAMPLE 1: In how many ways can 8 guests be seated in around table
with eight chairs?
P = (n - 1)!
 P = (8 - 1)!
 = 7!
 =
 = 5,040 ways
 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING!

PROBLEM: In how many ways can they be

joined if there are 50 beads of different colors to
form a necklace?
P = (n - 1)!
 = (50 - 1)!
 = 49! ways
COMBINATION
TOPIC 2
 COMBINATIONS

Refers to a selection of object with no attention given to

their order of arrangement.
A combination is actually a partition of two cells, one cell
having the r objects selected, and the other containing
the n-r objects that are left from the set or group.
nCr =
 How to get Combinations?
 EXAMPLE : Given a club with 10 members, in how many ways can the
officers of president, secretary, and treasurer be filled? In how many
ways can a committee of 3 be selected?
 nCr =

 10C3 =

 =
 = 720 ways
 Combination of n Objects Taken r at a Time
 The number of combinations is equal the number of subsets of
r elements that can be formed from a set of n objects.
 nCr =
 How to solve Combination of n Objects Taken r at a Time?

 EXAMPLE : In how many ways can a reader select 3 books without

regard to order from a set of 4 books?
 nCr =

 4C3 =

 =
 = = 4 ways
 How to solve Combination of n Objects Taken r at a Time?

 EXAMPLE : from a deck of 10 cards, in how many ways can a hand of 4

cards be selected?
 nCr =

 10C4 =

 =
 = = 210 ways
 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING!

PROBLEM : Determine the number of committees formed from 18

persons if 3 people form a committee.
 nCr =

 18C3 =

 =
 = = 816 ways
 Combination in a series
 The total number of combinations of n things taken successively 1 at a
time, 2 at a time, 3 at a time, and so on up to n at a time.
 nC1+nC2+nC3+……+nCn=
 C=
 How to get Combination in a series?
 EXAMPLE: In how many ways can a teacher assign at most 6 of her
students to do a project?
 C=
C=
 =64 – 1
 =63 ways
 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING?
 EXAMPLE: How many committees can be formed from 5 people, if the
committees consist of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 members?
 C=
C=
 =32 – 1
 =31 ways
 Combination of n objects taken all at the same time

 From the preceding examples, we can deduce that the number of

combination C of n things taken n at a time can be formulated.”0! Is
always equal to 1”

0!=1 (given)
 How to get Combination of n objects taken all at the same time?

Example: in how many ways can 7 members from a

committee of 7

7 7C
PROBABILITY
TOPIC 3
 A Priori or Classical Definition of
Probability
The A priori or classical definition of probability explains that probability is taken in
terms of events that may nit happen. If an event can happen in h number of times
and fail to happen in f number of times, the probability P that event will happen is
found by finding the quotient of h divided by the sum of h and f.

P= (probability that the event will happen) h = HAPPENS

Q=(probability that the event will not happen) f = FAIL
P = PROBABILITY
Q = QUOTIENT
 How to get A Priori Probability?
 EXAMPLE: A regular deck of 52 playing cards, what is the probability of a
king being drawn at random after shuffling the cards? What is the
probability of drawing a ten?
P= ( the event will happen) Q= (the event will not happen)
P= (LOWEST TERM) Q= (LOWEST TERM)

 (To get the lowest term you need to divide both numerator and denominator in your
h)
 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING?
 EXAMPLE: What would be the probability of picking a black cards at
random from a standard deck of 52 cards?

P= (the event will happen) Q= (the event will not happen)

P= (LOWEST TERM) Q= (LOWEST TERM)

 Empirical or Relative Frequency of
Probability
One of the most significant applications in daily life
is the probability based on statistical data. Data
obtained through experimentation and a record of
events over a period of time belong to this type of
statistics.
P=
 How to get Empirical or Relative Frequency of Probability?

 EXAMPLE: A mathematics instructor within a period of 20 yrs. Had a

total of 2,500 students in her classes. Out of this number, shed given
200 A’s, 700 B’s, 900 C’s, 300 D’s and 400 F’s. from the data, we can find
the probability of a student getting any of the above grades from this
particular instructor.
 (a) Take the probability of a student getting an A. from the data, we get.

 (b) the probability that a student may get a failing mark will be.

P=
 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING?

 PROBLEM: Suppose a 16 yrs. Old boy is insured and his policy matures
when he becomes 30 yrs. Old. Referring to the table, we find that
95,965 persons are alive at 16, and 18, 262 persons are alive at
30.using these figures to find the probability that a 16 years old boy
may reach 30?

P=
 Probability of Mutually Exclusive Events

 In previous discussion, two or more events are mutually exclusive if the

occurence of one of them excludes the probability of the others to happen in the
same trial.

P=P1+P2+P3+……..+Pr
 how to get Probability of Mutually Exclusive Events?

 EXAMPLE: Suppose a box contains 15 colored balls, 4 white, 3 green, and

8 red. Based on the number of balls of each color and the total number
of balls inside the box. What is the probability of drawing a red ball or a
white ball from the box?
P=P1+P2+P3+……..+Pr
 P = P(red) + P(white)
 =
 =
 how to get Probability of Mutually Exclusive Events?

 EXAMPLE: Suppose a box contains 15 colored balls, 4 white, 3 green,

and 8 red. Based on the number of balls of each color and the total
number of balls inside the box. How many separate color we will get in
drawing all 3 colors in the box?
P=P1+P2+P3+……..+Pr
P=
 =
 how to get Probability of Mutually Exclusive Events?

 EXAMPLE: Let us consider two disjoints set such as set C and D in the
diagram below. The 36 dots represent the probable outcomes or
events in throwing a pair of dice. Determine the probability that C or D
(or both) will happen?
D
P()=
 =

C
 Probability of independents Events

 Two or more events called to be independent if the occurrence of one of them does not affect the
probability of the occurrence of the others.
 The probability that all of a set of independents will happen is the product of their separate
probabilities.

 P(A)= P(A)
 How to get Probability of independents Events?

 EXAMPLE: if the probability of Mario getting 90 in a subject is 0.60 and probability of his getting 85 in
another subject is 0.40, then the probability of his getting both grades will be 0.60 x 0.40 =
0.24(Expressed in Fraction).

 P(A)= P(A)
How to turn decimal into Fraction?
P =

 How to get Probability of independents Events?

 PROBLEM: There are 2 red balls and 4 yellow ones in a box. If a ball is drawn and
replaced, and a second ball is drawn, what is the probability that the first ball is
red and the second ball is yellow?
 P(R)= P(R)
P = ()()

 How to get Probability of Dependent Events?

 We say that the events are dependent happening if the

occurrence of one of a given set of events affects the probability
of the occurrence of another.
 EXAMPLE: There are 3 green cards, 4 red cards, and 5 brown
cards in bag. We know that the probabilities of each colored card
to be drawn from the bag will bag will be:
P(green) = P(brown) =
P(red) =
 How to get Probability of Dependent Events?

 What is the probability of getting a red card or a brown card after green one?
 P= P(GREEN)X (P(RED)+P(BROWN))
 = (3/12) (4/11+5/11)
 = (3/12)(9/11)
 = OR
 NOTE!
IN 52 PLAYING CARDS THERE ARE 26
BLACK CARDS, 26 RED CARDS, 12 FACE
CARDS, 4 KING, 4 QUEEN, 4 JACK, 4 A.

IN DICE THERE ARE 6 FACE