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Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering: Power System Protection 18EE72

The document discusses transformer protection, including: 1) It provides an overview of external faults, internal faults, percentage differential protection, overheating protection, protection against magnetizing inrush current, oil pressure relief devices, and earth fault relays. 2) Percentage differential protection is used for transformers over 5MVA and protects against internal short circuits by operating when currents from primary and secondary CTs are in the same direction during a fault. 3) Overheating protection uses a thermal replica and sensing element to monitor temperature and protect against overloading.

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143 views20 pages

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering: Power System Protection 18EE72

The document discusses transformer protection, including: 1) It provides an overview of external faults, internal faults, percentage differential protection, overheating protection, protection against magnetizing inrush current, oil pressure relief devices, and earth fault relays. 2) Percentage differential protection is used for transformers over 5MVA and protects against internal short circuits by operating when currents from primary and secondary CTs are in the same direction during a fault. 3) Overheating protection uses a thermal replica and sensing element to monitor temperature and protect against overloading.

Uploaded by

dheeraj aithal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION 18EE72

TOPIC : - TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

Presented By : Under the guidance of :

DHEERAJ K PRADEESHA J
USN :-1RI19EE004 Assistant Professor ,Dept of EEE
RRIT
.

OVERVIEW

 INTRODUCTION
 EXTERNAL FAULTS
 INTERNAL FAULTS
 PERCENTAGE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
 OVERHEATING PROTECTION
 PROTECTION AGAINST MAGNETISING INRUSH CURRENT
 OIL PRESSURE RELIEF DEVICES
 EARTH FAULT RELAYS
 OVERCURRENT RELAYS
.

INTRODUCTION

• The power transformer is a major and very important


equipment in a power system.
• It requires highly reliable protective devices.
• The protective scheme depends on the size of the
transformer.
• The rating of transformers used in transmission and
distribution systems range from a few kVA to several
hundred MVA.
• For small transformers,simple protective device such as
fuses are employed.
• For transformers of mediumsize overcurrent relays are
used.
• For large transformers differential protection
isrecommended.
.

TYPES OF FAULTS ENCOUNTERED IN TRANSFORMERS

 External faults
 Internal faults

External faults
 In case of external faults, the transformer must be disconnected if
other protective devices meant to operate for such faults, fail to
operate within a predetermined time.
 For external faults, time graded overcurrent relays are employed
as back-up protection.
 Also, in case of sustained overload conditions, the transformer
should not beallowed to operate for long duration.
 Thermal relays are used to detect overload conditions and give an
alarm.
.

Internal faults
The primary protection of transformers is meant for internal
faults. Internal faults are classified into two groups.

(i) Short circuits in the transformer winding and connections


These are electricalfaults of serious nature and are likely to
cause immediate damage.Such faults are detectable at the
winding terminals by unbalances in voltage or current.
This type of faults include line to ground or line to line and
interturn faults on H.V. and L.V. windings.

(ii) Incipient faults Initially, such faults are of minor nature but
slowly might develop into major faults.Such faults are not
detectable at the winding terminals by unbalance in voltage or
current and hence, the protective devices meant to operate
under short circuit conditions are not capable of detecting
this type of faults.Such faults include poor electrical
connections, corefaults, failure of the coolant, regulator faults
and bad load sharing betweentransformers.
.

Internal faults
.

PERCENTAGE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION


.

PERCENTAGE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

 Percentage differential protection is used for the protection


of large power transformers having ratings of 5 MVA and
above.
 This scheme is employed for the protection of transformers
against internal short circuits.
 It is not capable of detecting incipientfaults.
 Figure 10.1 shows the schematic diagram of percentage
differential protection for a Y – D transformer.
 The direction of current and the polarity of the CT voltage
 shown in the figure are for a particular instant.
 The convention for marking the polarity for upper and
lower CTs is the same.
 The current entering end has been marked as
 positive.
 The end at which current is leaving has been marked
negative.
.

PERCENTAGE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

 O and R are the operating and restraining coils of the


relay, respectively.
 The connections are made in such a way that under
normal conditions or in case of external faults the current
flowing in the operating coil of the relay due to CTs
 of the primary side is in opposition to the current flowing
due to the CTs of the secondary side.
 Consequently, the relay does not operate under such
conditions.
 If a fault occurs on the winding, the polarity of the
induced voltage of the CT of the secondary side is
reversed.
 Now the currents in the operating coil from CTs of both
 primary and secondary side are in the same direction and
cause the operation of the relay.
.

OVERHEATING PROTECTION
 The rating of a transformer depends on the temperature
rise above an assumed maximum ambient temperature.
 Sustained overload is not allowed if the ambient
 temperature is equal to the assumed ambient temperature.
At lower ambient temperature,some overloading is
permissible. The overloading will depend on the ambient
temperature prevailing at the time of operation.
 The maximum safe overloading is that which does not
overheat the winding.
 The maximum allowed temperature is about 95°C.
 Thus the protection against overload depends on the
winding temperature which is usually measured by
thermal image technique.
 A CT is employed on LV side to supply current to a small
heater. Both the temperature sensing device and the
heaterare placed in a small pocket. The heater produces a
local temperature rise similar to that of the main winding.
.

 The temperature of the sensing element is similar to thatof


the winding under all conditions.
 In a typical modern system the heat sensitive element is a
silicon resistor or silistor.
 It is incorporated with the heating element and kept in a
thermal moulded material. The whole unit forms a
thermal replica of the transformer winding.
 It is in the shape of a small cylinder and it is placed in the
 pocket in the transformer tank about 25 cm below the
tank top, which is supposed to be the hottest layer in the
oil.
 The silistor is used as an arm of a resistance bridge
supplied from a stabilised dc source.An indicating
instrument is energized from the out of balance voltage of
the bridge.
 Also the voltage across the silistor is appliedto a static
control circuit which controls cooling pumps and fans,
gives warning of overheating, and ultimately trips the
.
.

PROTECTION AGAINST MAGNETISING INRUSH CURRENT


.

PROTECTION AGAINST MAGNETISING INRUSH CURRENT

 When an unloaded transformer is switched on, it draws a


large initial magnetizing current which may be several
times the rated current of the transformer.
 This initial magnetising current is called the magnetising
inrush current. As the inrush current flows only in the
primary winding, the differential protection will see this
inrush current as an internal fault.
 The harmonic contents in the inrush current are different
than those in usual fault current. The dc component varies
from 40 to 60%, the
 second harmonic 30 to 70% and the third harmonic 10 to
30%.
 The other harmonics are progressively less. the third
harmonic and its multiples do not appear in CT leads as
these harmonics circulate in the delta winding of the
transformer and the delta connected CTs on the Y side of
the transformer.
.

PROTECTION AGAINST MAGNETISING INRUSH CURRENT

 As the second harmonic is more in the inrush current


than in the fault current, this feature can be utilised to
distinguish between a fault and magnetising inrush
current.
 Figure 10.2 shows a high speed biased differential
scheme incorporating a harmonic restraint feature. The
relay of this scheme is made insensitive to magnetic
inrush current.
 The operating principle is to filter out the harmonics
from the differential current, rectify them and add
them to the percentage restraint
 The dc offset and harmonics are also present in the
fault current, particularly if CT saturates. The
harmonic restraint relay will fail to operate on the
occurrence of an internal fault which contains
considerable harmonics due to an arc or saturation of
the CT.
.

OIL PRESSURE RELIEF DEVICES

 An oil pressure relief device is fitted at the top of the


transformer tank. In its simplestform, it is a frangible disc
located at the end of an oil relief pipe protruding from the
top of the transformer tank.
 In case of a serious fault, a surge in the oil is developed,
 which bursts the disc, thereby allowing the oil to discharge
rapidly. This avoids theexplosive rupture of the tank and
the risk of fire.
 The drawback of the frangible disc is that the oil which
remains in the tankafter rupture is left exposed to the
atmosphere.
 This drawback can be overcome byemploying a more
effective device: a spring controlled pressure relief valve.
 It operates when the pressure exceeds 10 psi but closes
automatically when the pressure falls below the critical
level.
 The discharged oil can be ducted to a catchment pit where
.

EARTH FAULT RELAYS


.

EARTH FAULT RELAYS

 A simple overcurrent and earth fault relay does not provide


good protection for a star connected winding, particularly
when the neutral point is earthed through an impedance.
 Restricted earth fault protection, as shown in Fig. 10.5
provides better protection.
 This scheme is used for the winding of the transformer
connected in star where the neutral point is either solidly
earthed or earthed through an impedance.
 The relay used is of high impedance type to make the
scheme stable for external faults.
 For delta connection or ungrounded star winding of the
transformer, residual overcurrent relay as shown in Fig.
10.5 is employed.
 The relay operates only for a ground fault in the
transformer.
 The differential protection of the transformer is
supplemented by restricted earth fault protection in case of
.

OVERCURRENT RELAYS

 Overcurrent relays are used for the protection of


transformers of rating 100 kVA and below 5 MVA.
 An earth fault tripping element is also provided in
addition to the overcurrent feature.
 Such relays are used as primary protection for
transformers which are not provided with differential
protection.
 Overcurrent relays are also used as back-up protection
where differential protection is used as primary
protection.
 For small transformers, overcurrent relays are used for
both overload and fault protection.
 An extremely inverse relay is desirable for overload and
light faults, with instantaneous overcurrent relay for
heavy faults.
 A very inverse residual current relay with instantaneous
relay is suitable for ground faults.
.

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