ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

K.PAVANI
Sr.Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Aditya Engineering College (A)
Email: [email protected]
ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEMS

(UNIT-IV-PART 1)

K.PAVANI
Sr.Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Aditya Engineering College (A)
Email: [email protected]
 Aditya Engineering College (A)

Unit-4 Outcomes

At the end of the Course, Student will be able to:

CO 4 : Examine to integrate hardware and firmware for an embedded system in the RTOS
environment.

Embedded Systems K.Pavani,Sr.Assistant Professor,Department of ECE 4/25/23

 Aditya Engineering College (A)

Contents
 Operating system basics
 Types of operating systems
 Tasks
 Process and Threads
 Multiprocessing
 and Multitasking
 Task Scheduling, Threads
 Processes and Scheduling
 Task communication
 Task synchronization.

Embedded Systems K.Pavani,Sr.Assistant Professor,Department of ECE 4/25/23

ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

OPERATING SYSTEM BASICS

K.PAVANI
Sr.Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Aditya Engineering College (A)
Email: [email protected]
 Aditya Engineering College (A)

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this lecture, Student will be able to:

LO 1 :Understand the basics of an opera ng system and the need for an operating
system

Embedded Systems K.Pavani,Sr.Assistant Professor,Department of ECE 4/25/23

 Aditya Engineering College (A)

Operating System Basics

The operating system acts as a bridge between the user applications/tasks and the underlying system
resources through a set of system functionalities and services.
The OS manages the system resources and makes them available to the user applications/tasks on a need
basis.
A normal computing system is a collection of different I/O subsystems, working, and storage memory.
The primary functions of an operating system is
 Make the system convenient to use
 Organize and manage the system resources efficiently and correctly

Embedded Systems K.Pavani,Sr.Assistant Professor,Department of ECE 4/25/23

 Aditya Engineering College (A)

The Operating System Architecture

Embedded Systems K.Pavani,Sr.Assistant Professor,Department of ECE 4/25/23

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Classification of Kernel
Monolithic Kernel Microkernel

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TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

Depending on the type of kernel and kernel services, purpose and type of
computing systems where the OS is deployed and the responsiveness to
applications, Operating Systems are classified into different types.
 General Purpose Operating System (GPOS)
 Real-Time Operating System (RTOS)

Embedded Systems K.Pavani,Sr.Assistant Professor,Department of ECE 4/25/23

 Aditya Engineering College (A)

The basic functions of a Real-Time kernel

 Task/Process management
 Task/Process scheduling
 Task/Process synchronisation
 Error/Exception handling
 Memory management
 Interrupt handling
 Time management

Embedded Systems K.Pavani,Sr.Assistant Professor,Department of ECE 4/25/23

 Aditya Engineering College (A)

TASKS, PROCESS AND THREADS

 In the operating system context, a task is defined as the program in execution

and the related information maintained by the operating system for the
program.
 A ‘Process’ is a program, or part of it, in execution.
 A thread is the primitive that can execute code. A thread is a single sequential
flow of control within a process. ‘Thread’ is also known as lightweight
process.

Embedded Systems K.Pavani,Sr.Assistant Professor,Department of ECE 4/25/23

 Aditya Engineering College (A)

PROCESS
Structure of a Process Memory organization of a Process

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PROCESS LIFE CYCLE

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Threads

Memory organization of a Process and its associated Threads

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CONCEPT OF MULTITHREADING

Process with multi-threads

Embedded Systems K.Pavani,Sr.Assistant Professor,Department of ECE 4/25/23
 Thread v/s Process
Thread Process
Thread is a single unit of execution and is part of process Process is a program in execution and contains one or
more threads.
A thread does not have its own data memory and heap Process has its own code memory, data memory and
memory. It shares the data memory and heap memory with stack memory.
other threads of the same process.
A thread cannot live independently; it lives within the A process contains at least one thread.
process.
There can be multiple threads in a process. The first thread Threads within a process share the code, data and heap
(main thread) calls the main function and occupies the memory. Each thread holds separate memory area for
start of the stack memory of the process. stack(shares the total stack memory of the process).
Threads are very inexpensive to create Processes are very expensive to create. Involves many
OS overhead.
Context switching is inexpensive and fast Context switching is complex and involves lot of OS
overhead and is comparatively slower
If a thread expires, its stack is reclaimed by the process. If a process dies, the resources allocated to it are
reclaimed
by the OS and all the associated threads of the process
Embedded Systems K.Pavani,Sr.Assistant Professor,Department of ECE 4/25/23
also dies.
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MULTIPROCESSING AND MULTITASKING

 The ability to execute multiple processes simultaneously is referred as

multiprocessing.
 The ability of an operating system to hold multiple processes in memory and
switch the processor (CPU) from executing one process to another process is
known as multitasking.
Types of Multitasking
1. Co operative multitasking
2. Preemptive multitasking
3. Non preemptive multitasking
Embedded Systems K.Pavani,Sr.Assistant Professor,Department of ECE 4/25/23
 Aditya Engineering College (A)

TASK SCHEDULING

Non preemptive scheduling

 FIFO/FIFS
 LIFO/LCFS
 SJF
 Priority based scheduling
Preemptive scheduling
 SJF/SRT
 RR Scheduling
 Priority based scheduling

Embedded Systems K.Pavani,Sr.Assistant Professor,Department of ECE 4/25/23

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Round Robin Scheduling

Embedded Systems K.Pavani,Sr.Assistant Professor,Department of ECE 4/25/23

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TASK COMMUNICATION

 Co operating process
1. Co operation through sharing
2. Co operation through communication
 Competing process

Embedded Systems K.Pavani,Sr.Assistant Professor,Department of ECE 4/25/23

 Aditya Engineering College (A)

IPC COMMUNICATION MECHANISMS

 Shared Memory
 Message Passing
 RPC and sockets

Embedded Systems K.Pavani,Sr.Assistant Professor,Department of ECE 4/25/23

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SHARED MEMORY

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PIPES:

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MEMORY MAPPED OBJECTS:

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Message Passing

Message Queue:

Concept of message queue based indirect messaging for IPC

Embedded Systems K.Pavani,Sr.Assistant Professor,Department of ECE 4/25/23
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Mail box

Concept of Mailbox based indirect messaging for IPC

Embedded Systems K.Pavani,Sr.Assistant Professor,Department of ECE 4/25/23

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Remote Procedure Call ( RPC) and Sockets

Embedded Systems K.Pavani,Sr.Assistant Professor,Department of ECE 4/25/23

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SOCKETS

Internet socket (INET):

Stream sockets
Datagram sockets
UNIX socket

Embedded Systems K.Pavani,Sr.Assistant Professor,Department of ECE 4/25/23

 Aditya Engineering College (A)

TASK SYNCHRONISATION

ISSUES IN TASK COMMUNICATION:

• Racing
• Dead lock
1.Mutual exclusion
2.Hold & wait
3.No resource pre emption
4.Circular wait
• All four conditions are known as Coffman conditions

Embedded Systems K.Pavani,Sr.Assistant Professor,Department of ECE 4/25/23

 Aditya Engineering College (A)

Racing Condition:

Embedded Systems K.Pavani,Sr.Assistant Professor,Department of ECE 4/25/23

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Deadlock visualisation

Embedded Systems K.Pavani,Sr.Assistant Professor,Department of ECE 4/25/23

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Scenarios leading to deadlock

Embedded Systems K.Pavani,Sr.Assistant Professor,Department of ECE 4/25/23

ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

Hardware Software Co-Design

(UNIT-IV-PART 2)

K.PAVANI
Sr.Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Aditya Engineering College (A)
Email: [email protected]
 Aditya Engineering College (A)

Contents

 Fundamental Issues in Hardware Software Co-Design

 Computational models in embedded design
 Hardware software Trade-offs
 Integration of Hardware and Firmware.

Embedded Systems K.Pavani,Sr.Assistant Professor,Department of ECE 4/25/23

 Aditya Engineering College (A)

FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES IN HARDWARE SOFTWARE CO-DESIGN

 Selecting the model
 Selecting the Architecture:
a. Controller architecture
b. Data path architecture
c. Finite state machine data path
d. CISC architecture
e. VL instruction word
f. Parallel processing architecture
 Selecting languages

Embedded Systems K.Pavani,Sr.Assistant Professor,Department of ECE 4/25/23

 Aditya Engineering College (A)

Computational models in embedded design

 Data Flow Graph (DFG) model

 Control Data Flow Graph/Diagram(CDFG)
 State Machine model
 Sequential Program model
 Concurrent/Communicating Process Model
 Object Oriented model

Embedded Systems K.Pavani,Sr.Assistant Professor,Department of ECE 4/25/23

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Data Flow Graph/Diagram (DFG) Model:

Embedded Systems K.Pavani,Sr.Assistant Professor,Department of ECE 4/25/23

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Control Data Flow Graph/Diagram (CDFG):

Embedded Systems K.Pavani,Sr.Assistant Professor,Department of ECE 4/25/23

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State Machine Model:

FSM Model for Automatic seat belt warning system

Embedded Systems K.Pavani,Sr.Assistant Professor,Department of ECE 4/25/23

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FSM Model for timer

Embedded Systems K.Pavani,Sr.Assistant Professor,Department of ECE 4/25/23

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FSM Model for Automatic Tea\Coffee Vending Machine

Embedded Systems K.Pavani,Sr.Assistant Professor,Department of ECE 4/25/23

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FSM Model for Coin Operated Telephone System

Embedded Systems K.Pavani,Sr.Assistant Professor,Department of ECE 4/25/23

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Sequential Program Model:

Embedded Systems K.Pavani,Sr.Assistant Professor,Department of ECE 4/25/23

 Concurrent/Communicating Process Model:

Embedded Systems K.Pavani,Sr.Assistant Professor,Department of ECE 4/25/23

 Aditya Engineering College (A)

HARDWARE SOFTWARE TRADE-OFFS

 Processing speed and performance

 Frequency of change
 Memory size and gate count
 Reliability
 Man hours(effort) and cost

Embedded Systems K.Pavani,Sr.Assistant Professor,Department of ECE 4/25/23

 Aditya Engineering College (A)

Integration of Hardware and Firmware

Embedding of firmware into target hardware board.

Process of “embedding intelligence” to the product.

Techniques :
1. Out of circuit Programming
2. In system Programming (ISP)
a.In system programming with SPI Protocol
3. In Application programming (IAP)
4. Use of factory Programmed chip
5. Firmware loading of Operating system based devices

Embedded Systems K.Pavani,Sr.Assistant Professor,Department of ECE 4/25/23

 Aditya Engineering College (A)

Out-of-Circuit Programming

The processor or memory chip into which the firmware needs to be embedded is taken out of the target board
and it is programmed with the help of a programming device

Embedded Systems K.Pavani,Sr.Assistant Professor,Department of ECE 4/25/23

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IN SYSTEM PROGRAMMING (ISP)

• Programming is done “within the system”

• ISP support
• Target board, PC, ISP cable and ISP utility are the main requirements

IN SYSTEM PROGRAMMING WITH SPI PROTOCOL

Contains a built in SPI interface or on chip EEPROM or flash memory is programmed through this interface
I/O lines:
MOSI: master out slave in
MISO: master in slave out
SCK : system clock
RST :reset of target device
GND : ground of target device

Embedded Systems K.Pavani,Sr.Assistant Professor,Department of ECE 4/25/23

Embedded Systems K.Pavani,Sr.Assistant Professor,Department of ECE 4/25/23
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IN APPLICATION PROGRAMMING (IAP)

• Can modify selected portion of code memory

USE OF FACTORY PROGRAMMED CHIP

• Firmware is embedded at the time of chip fabrication

FIRMWARE LOADING OF OPERATING SYSTEM BASED DEVICES

• ISP technique
• A special code called boot loader program is used for pre loading or loading the memory using JTAG

Embedded Systems K.Pavani,Sr.Assistant Professor,Department of ECE 4/25/23