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This document provides information about DNA, RNA, DNA replication, transcription and translation. It contains questions and answers about the components, structural differences and nitrogenous bases of DNA and RNA. It also summarizes the key steps in DNA replication, transcription and translation. The document aims to teach about these important biological processes through text, diagrams and video links.

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Shekinah Dela Cruz
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83 views48 pages

Untitled

This document provides information about DNA, RNA, DNA replication, transcription and translation. It contains questions and answers about the components, structural differences and nitrogenous bases of DNA and RNA. It also summarizes the key steps in DNA replication, transcription and translation. The document aims to teach about these important biological processes through text, diagrams and video links.

Uploaded by

Shekinah Dela Cruz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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WHAT MAKES

YOU UNIQUE?
Softcopy of module link: Elibro : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1IxoLaffpCCYljQmbGOpGPrw3c1RWOp7w/view
BASIS OF
COMPARISON DNA RNA
1. Number of strands

2. Location in the cell

3. Type of sugar

4. Nitrogenous base pair


Q1. What are the components of the DNA
and the RNA molecule?
Q2. What is the structural difference
between DNA and RNA?
Q3. What nitrogenous base is found in
RNA but not in DNA?
WATCH THIS....

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JQByjprj_mA
•What is DNA and how
does it work?
BASIS OF
COMPARISON DNA RNA
1. Number of strands
2 1
2. Location in the cell
nucleus Cytoplasm, ribosome

3. Type of sugar
deoxyribose ribose
4. Nitrogenous base pair Adenine – Thymine Adenine – Uracil
Cytosine - Guanine Cytosine - Guanine
Q1. What are the components of the DNA
and the RNA molecule?
DNA and RNA are made up of sugar,
phosphate group and nitrogenous base.
Q2. What is the structural difference between
DNA and RNA?
DNA is double stranded while RNA is single-stranded.
The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose while that in RNA is ribose.
The nitrogen bases in DNA are adenine (A), guanine (G),
thymine (T) and cytosine (C). In RNA are adenine, guanine,
cytosine and uracil.
Q3. What nitrogenous base is found in
RNA but not in DNA?
The nitrogenous base found in RNA but
not in DNA is uracil.
DNA REPLICATION
the process by which a double-
stranded DNA molecule is copied to
produce two identical DNA molecules
STEPS IN DNA REPLICATION
Step 1. An enzyme called helicase breaks the bond
between nitrogenous bases. The two strands of DNA split.
Step 2. The bases attached to each strand then pair up
with the free nucleotides found in the cytoplasm.
Step 3. The complementary nucleotides are added to each
strand by DNA polymerase to form new strands. Two new
DNA molecules, each with a parent strand and each with a
new strand are formed. The DNA replication is known as
semi-conservative replication, because one of the old
strands is conserved in each new molecule.
DNA TRANSCRIPTION
AND TRANSLATION
One of the three types of nutrients used as energy sources
by the body, the other two being carbohydrate and fat

Large molecules essential components of


composed of one or muscles, skin, bones
more chains of amino and the body as a whole
acids
PROTEIN
DNA TRANSCRIPTION
AND TRANSLATION
Watch this video…
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=8_f-8ISZ164
STEPS IN DNA TRANSCRIPTION
Step 1. RNA polymerase enzyme binds and opens the
DNA molecule that will be transcribed.
Step 2. As the DNA molecule opens, the RNA polymerase
slides along the DNA strand and links free RNA
nucleotides that pair with the nitrogenous bases of the
complementary DNA strand. Hence, if the sequence of
bases on the DNA strand were CCG TTA CAT, the
sequence of bases on the RNA strand would be GGC
AAU GUA.
Step 3. When the process of base-pairing is completed,
the RNA molecule breaks away as the DNA strands
rejoin. The RNA leaves the nucleus and goes to the
cytoplasm.
parts of the gene
sequence that are
expressed in the
protein   parts of the gene sequence
that are not expressed in the
protein are called introns,
because they come in
between the exons
STEPS IN DNA TRANSLATION

Step 1. As translation begins, mRNA binds to a


ribosome in which the ribosomal RNA is found.
Then, tRNA molecules, each carrying a specific
amino acid, attract the ribosome. The tRNA
anticodon pairs with the first mRNA (start) codon
AUG, to form the initiation complex. The two
molecules temporarily join together.
Step 2. Usually, the first codon on mRNA is AUG, which
codes for the amino acid methionine. AUG signals the
start of protein synthesis. Then, the ribosome slides
along the mRNA to the next codon.
Step 3. A new tRNA molecule carrying an amino acid pairs
with the second mRNA codon.
Step 4. When the first and second amino acids are in
place, an enzyme joins them by forming a peptide bond
between them.
Step 5. As the process continues, a chain of amino acids
is formed until the ribosome reaches a stop codon (e.g.,
UAA, UGA, UAG) on the mRNA strand. The polypeptide
chain is released and protein synthesis is complete.
What will happen to the
organism if something went
wrong to dna transcription and
translation?
Transcription Translation

UAG Isoleucine
Look at the Genetic
Code Table and use
this mRNA codon to
look for the Amino
Acid Coded into
Protein
2nd

1st
UAG Isoleucine
Look at the Genetic

GUA Code Table and use


this mRNA codon to CAU Valine
look for the Amino
Acid Coded into
Protein

Copy and complete this table (MS word or ½


crosswise). Send your output in my email,
[email protected] on or
before March 10, 2023 Friday 6:00pm

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