ALGORITHMS & RAPTOR

Pr. Hamza El Hafdaoui

E-mail: [email protected]
 LAB 3:
ALGORITHMS
INTRODUCTION TO RAPTOR

In today’s class we will learn:

• How to design Algorithms for different problems.

• How to use Raptor.
• How to solve problems with selection.
• How to solve problems with nested selection.
ALGORITHMS
 HOW CAN WE DESCRIBE AN
ALGORITHM?
 An algorithm can be described using:
 Natural language: written lines describing the algorithms’ steps
for solving a problem.
 Pseudo-code: is a detailed yet readable description of what a
computer program or algorithm must do, expressed in a formally-
styled natural language.
 Flowchart: visual representation of the algorithm using standard
symbols to represent the different types of instructions. These
symbols are used to construct the flowchart and show the step-by-
step solution to the problem.
 HOW DO WE DRAW A FLOWCHART?
 When having a computational problem to solve, you should first write the
algorithm in pseudo-code.
 Flowchart can be drawn using standard symbols…

http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/z3bq7ty/revision/3
INTRODUCTION TO RAPTOR
WHAT’S RAPTOR?

 RAPTOR is a flowchart-based programming environment.

 RAPTOR programs are created visually and executed visually
by tracing the execution through the flowchart.
 It allows you to detect errors in your algorithm before coding…
INTERFACE

It is downloadable from: http://raptor.martincarlisle.com/

 LAYOUT

Run the program

Pause

Stop

Speed of running

Generate source code

 PROGRAM STRUCTURE
 A RAPTOR program starts at (Start) and will
stop executing when the End symbol is
reached.

RAPTOR STATEMENTS/SYMBOLS

 The top four statement types:

 Assignment, Call, Input, and Output
 The bottom two types:
 Selection and Loops
VARIABLES IN RAPTOR
 When you create a variable, it should have a value. Either a
string or a number.
 A variable is automatically created when it is first used in the
flowchart.
 Example:
COMMON ERRORS WITH VARIABLES

Start
Start

Miles ← 100
X←Y

Distance ← Mile * 5

End
End

Start

Miles ← 100

Miles ← "Distance to town"

End
OTHER SYMBOLS
ASSIGNMENT OUTPUT
INPUT STATEMENT STATEMENT STATEMENT
/SYMBOL /SYMBOL /SYMBOL
EXERCISE 1
 Prompt the user for two numbers. Use variables called N1 and N2.
Output the multiplication of these two numbers.
 Constraint: you should have only two variable in your flowchart:
N1 and N2!

EXERCISE 2
 Write an algorithm that takes from the user two numbers, N1 and
N2, swaps the values of these two variables, and outputs them to
the user.
 Example: N1=2, N2=10

Outpout: N1=10, N2=2

SELECTION…
SELECTION

Statement 1

Decision

Statement 2a Statement 2b

Statement 3
 RELATIONAL AND LOGICAL
OPERATORS
Operation Description Example
= "is equal to" 3 = 4 is No(false)
!= "is not equal to" 3 != 4 is Yes(true)
/= 3 /= 4 is Yes(true)
< "is less than" 3 < 4 is Yes(true)
<= "is less than or equal to" 3 <= 4 is Yes(true)
> "is greater than" 3 > 4 is No(false)
>= "is greater than or equal to" 3 >= 4 is No(false)
and Yes(true) if both are Yes (3 < 4) and (10 < 20)
is Yes(true)
or Yes(true) if either are Yes (3 < 4) or (10 > 20)
is Yes(true)
xor Yes(true) if the "yes/no" values Yes xor No
are not equal is Yes(true)
not Invert the logic of the value not (3 < 4)
Yes if No; No if Yes is No(false)

http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/z3bq7ty/revision/3
NESTED SELECTION…
 EXERCISE 1
 Write an algorithm that takes the GPA of a student and displays whether
this student will be in the President or Dean lists or didn’t make it any of
them.
 Recall:

 GPA = 4  Student is in the President’s List.

 3<=GPA<4  Student is in the Dean’s List.

 GPA < 3  Student didn’t make it to any list.

EXERCISE 2
 Write an algorithm that takes the GPA of a student and give the letter
grade.

94 – 100  A 77 – 79  C+ 60 – 62  D-
90 – 93  A- 73 – 76  C < 60  F
87 – 89 B+ 70 – 72  C-
83 – 86 B 67 – 69  D+
80 – 82  B- 63 – 66  D
 EXERCISE 3
Write an algorithm, using flowcharts, that does the following:
o It will ask the user to choose for which shape they want to compute the
area:
-If the user chooses the circle, it will ask the user for radius
The area of circle is: PI*radius²
- If the user chooses the rectangle, it will ask the user for the height and the
length of the rectangle
The area of the rectangle is: height*length
- If the user chooses the triangle, It will ask the user for the base and height
The area of the circle is: 0.5*height*base
o Your program should print the appropriate area with accompanying text.