Introduction to Data Science

Chapter Two

School of Information Science,

College of Natural & Computational
AAU-SIS - 2019 Sciences, AAU
2. Introduction to Data Science

Topics Covered 3-4

 Overview for Data Science
 Definition of data and information
 Data types and representation
 Data Value Chain
 Data Acquisition
 Data Analysis
 Data Curating
 Data Storage
 Data Usage
 Basic concepts of Big data
2.1 Overview of Data Science
Data science is a multi-disciplinary field that uses scientific
methods, processes, algorithms and systems to extract knowledge
and insights (Understanding)from structured, semi structured and
unstructured data.
Data science continues to evolve as one of the most promising and
in-demand career paths for skilled professionals.
Today, successful data professionals understand that they must
advance past traditional skills of analyzing large amounts of data,
data mining, and programming skills.
 In order to uncover useful intelligence for their organizations, data
scientists must master the full spectrum of the data science life cycle
and possess a level of flexibility and understanding to maximize
returns at each phase of the process.
 Data scientists need to be curious and result-oriented, with
exceptional industry-specific knowledge and communication skills
that allow them to explain highly technical results to their non-
technical counterparts.
 Data science need a strong quantitative background in statistics and
linear algebra as well as programming knowledge with focuses in data
warehousing, mining, and modeling to build and analyze algorithms.
 This chapter cover basic definitions of data and information, data
types and representation, data value change and basic concepts of big
data.
 Data Science Definitions
Data Science Definition There are several definitions of data scientists from
several authors.
we can summarize that, data science is combination of field of study related to
extraction and transformation of data.
Definitions
1 Set of fundamental principles that support and guide the principle extraction of
information and knowledge from data.
2 Data science is the study of the generalizable extraction of knowledge from data.
3 Data science is a combination of statistic, computer science, and information
design.

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Technologies Chapter 2 Introduction to Data Science 5
What is data science?
Service Change
Converting new data
Data Science insights into (often
Applying advanced small) changes to
statistical tools to business processes
existing data to
generate new
insights

Smarter Work
More efficient and effective use of staff and resources

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Technologies Chapter 2 Introduction to Data Science 6
2.1.1 Definition of data and information

What is data?
Data can be defined as a representation of facts, concepts, or
instructions in a formalized manner, which should be suitable for
communication, interpretation, or processing by human or
electronic machine.
Data is represented with the help of characters such as alphabets
(A-Z, a-z), digits (0-9) or special characters (+,-,/,*,<,>,= etc.)
Character/String- Name, Place, model etc..
Number/Numeric: Telephone Number, serial Number etc..
Alpha Numeric: Combination of Characters and Numerics. Address, Model
Number like H.No.1-2-3/H-127,HPBook4404 etc.
Special Characters: Special Purpose, Mathematical operators like $,%,@,&
etc…
Boolean Value: Two values like True or False, Male or Female, Yes or No etc..
What is Information?
Information is organized or classified data, which has some
meaningful values for the receiver.
Information is the processed data on which decisions and actions
are based.
Information is a data that has been processed into a form that is
meaningful to recipient and is of real or perceived value in the
current or the prospective action or decision of recipient.
For the decision to be meaningful, the processed data must qualify
for the following characteristics −
Timely − Information should be available when required.
Accuracy − Information should be accurate.
Completeness − Information should be complete.
 Summery: Data Vs. Information

Data Information
Described as unprocessed or raw facts Described as processed data
and figures

Cannot help in decision making Can help in decision making

Raw material that can be organized, Interpreted data; created from organized,
structured, and interpreted to create structured, and processed data in a particular
useful information systems. context.

‘groups of non-random’ symbols in the Processed data in the form of text, images,
form of text, images, and voice and voice representing quantities, action and
representing quantities, action and objects'.
objects'.

   
Data Processing Cycle
 Data processing is the re-structuring or re-ordering of data by people or machine to
increase their usefulness and add values for a particular purpose.
 Basic steps in data processing consists of - input, processing, and output.
 Input step
 the input data is prepared in some convenient form for processing.
 The form depends on the processing machine.
 For example – when computers are used – input medium options include magnetic disks,
tapes, and so on.
 Processing step
 the input data is changed to produce data in a more useful form.
 For example - pay-checks can be calculated from the time cards, or a summary of sales for the
month can be calculated from the sales orders.
 Output step 
 the result of the proceeding processing step is collected.
 The particular form of the output data depends on the use of the data.
 For example - output data may be pay-checks for employees.
2.1.2 Data types and its representation – based on programming language
Data type or simply type is an attribute of data which tells the
compiler or interpreter how the programmer intends to use the data.
Almost all programming languages explicitly include the notion of
data type. Common data types include:
 Integers, Booleans, Characters, floating-point numbers, alphanumeric strings

A data type constrains the values that an expression, such as a variable

or a function, might take.
Data type also defines the operations that can be done on the data, the
meaning of the data, and the way values of that type can be stored.
On other hand, from the perspective of analysis of data, there are
three common types of data types or structures:
Structured data, unstructured data, and semi-structured data.
Data types from Data Analytics perspective

Structured, Unstructured, and Semi-structured data types

Data types/structure – based on analysis of data
Structured Data, unstructured data, semi-structured data, and metadata

Structured Data
Structured data is data that adheres to a pre-defined data model and is therefore straightforward to
analyze.
Structured data conforms to a tabular format with relationship between the different rows and
columns. Common examples are Excel files or SQL databases.
Each of these have structured rows and columns that can be sorted.
Structured data depends on the existence of a data model – a model of how data can be stored,
processed and accessed.
Because of a data model, each field is discrete and can be accessed separately or jointly along with
data from other fields.
This makes structured data extremely powerful: it is possible to quickly aggregate data from various
locations in the database.
Structured data is considered the most ‘traditional’ form of data storage, since the earliest versions
of database management systems (DBMS) were able to store, process and access structured data.
Unstructured Data
Unstructured data is information that either does not have a predefined data model or is not
organized in a pre-defined manner.
It is without proper formatting and alignment
Unstructured information is typically text-heavy, but may contain data such as dates,
numbers, and facts as well.
This results in irregularities and ambiguities that make it difficult to understand using
traditional programs as compared to data stored in structured databases.
 Common examples include: audio, video files or No-SQL databases.
The ability to store and process unstructured data has greatly grown in recent years, with
many new technologies and tools coming to the market that are able to store specialized types
of unstructured data. Example includes:
 MongoDB is optimized to store documents.
 Apache Graph - is optimized for storing relationships between nodes.
The ability to analyze unstructured data is especially relevant in the context of Big Data,
since a large part of data in organizations is unstructured. Think about pictures, videos or PDF
documents.
The ability to extract value from unstructured data is one of main drivers behind the
quick growth of Big Data.
Semi-structured Data
Semi-structured data is a form of structured data that does not conform
with the formal structure of data models associated with relational
databases or other forms of data tables,
but nonetheless contain tags or other markers to separate semantic
elements and enforce hierarchies of records and fields within the data.
Therefore, it is also known as self-describing structure.
Example include: JSON and XML are forms of semi-structured data.
The reason that this third category exists (between structured and
unstructured data) is because semi-structured data is considerably easier
to analyze than unstructured data.
Many Big Data solutions and tools have the ability to ‘read’ and process
either JSON or XML. This reduces the complexity to analyze structured
data, compared to unstructured data.
Structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data
Structured data- which is already stored in database in an ordered manner
Information stored DB
Strict format
Limitation
 Not all data collected is structured Examples: Meta date ( time and date of creation of file
folder, file size, author etc.,
Semi-structured data- is a form of structured data that does not conform with
formal structure.
Data may have certain structure but not all information collected has identical
structure
Some attributes may exist in some of the entities of a particular type but not in
others. Ex:personal date stored in Xml file
<Name> Dr.Vittapu</Name> <sex>Male</sex><age> 45 </age>
Unstructured data- Any data with unknown form or the structure is qualified as
unstructured data. Ex: media (MP3,digital Photos, audio and video files)
Very limited indication of data type
 E.g., a simple text document

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Technologies Chapter 2 Introduction to Data Science 5
Metadata – Data about Data
A last category of data type is metadata. From a technical point of
view, this is not a separate data structure, but it is one of the most
important elements for Big Data analysis and big data solutions.
Metadata is data about data.
It provides additional information about a specific set of data.
In a set of photographs, for example, metadata could describe when and
where the photos were taken.
The metadata then provides fields for dates and locations which, by
themselves, can be considered structured data.
Because of this reason, metadata is frequently used by Big Data
solutions for initial analysis.
 Typical metadata
Those are some typical
metadata elements:
Title and description,
Tags and categories,
Who created and when,
Who last modified and when,
Who can access or update.

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Technologies Chapter 2 Introduction to Data Science 18
Dr.Vittapu Introduction to Emerging
Technologies Chapter 2 Introduction to Data Science 19
 2.2 Data value Chain

The Data Value Chain is introduced to describe the information flow within
a big data system as a series of steps needed to generate value and useful
insights from data.
The Big Data Value Chain identifies the following key high-level activities:

 The value chain begins of course with data generation, which is the capture of information in a digital
format.
 The second stage is the transmission and consolidation of multiple sources of data. This also allows for the
testing and checking of the data accuracy before integration into an intelligible dataset for which we have
adopted the term collection.
 The next stage is data analytics, which involves the discovery, interpretation and communication of
meaningful patterns in the data.
 The final stage takes the output of these analytics and trades this with an end-user (which may be an
internal customer of a large organization processing its own data).
Data Value Chain
Value Chain Example
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Dr.Vittapu Introduction to Emerging

Technologies Chapter 2 Introduction to Data Science 22
Data Acquisition
It is the process of gathering, filtering, and cleaning data before it is put in a data
warehouse or any other storage solution on which data analysis can be carried out.
Data acquisition is one of the major big data challenges in terms of infrastructure re-
quirements.
The infrastructure required to support the acquisition of big data must deliver low,
predictable latency in both capturing data and in executing queries; be able to handle
very high transaction volumes, often in a distributed environment; and support
flexible and dynamic data structures.
  
Data Analysis
It is concerned with making the raw data acquired amenable to use in decision-mak-
ing as well as domain-specific usage.
Data analysis involves exploring, transforming, and modelling data with the goal of
highlighting relevant data, synthesizing and extracting useful hidden information with
high potential from a business point of view.
Related areas include data mining, business intelligence, and machine learning (cov-
ered in Chapter 4).
Data acquisition, or DAQ as it is often referred, is the process of
digitizing data from the world around us so it can be displayed,
analyzed, and stored in a computer.
A simple example is the process of measuring the temperature in a
room as a digital value using a sensor such as a thermocouple.
Data Curation
It is the active management of data over its life cycle to ensure it
meets the necessary data quality requirements for its effective us-
age.
Data curation processes can be categorized into different activities
such as content creation, selection, classification, transforma-
tion, validation, and preservation.
Data curation is performed by expert curators that are responsible
for improving the accessibility and quality of data.
Data curators (also known as scientific curators, or data annotators)
hold the responsibility of ensuring that data are trustworthy, dis-
coverable, accessible, reusable, and fit their purpose.
A key trend for the curation of big data utilizes community and
crowd sourcing approaches.
 Data Storage
 It is the persistence and management of data in a scalable way that
satisfies the needs of applications that require fast access to the data.
 Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS) have been the
main, and almost unique, solution to the storage paradigm for nearly
40 years.
 However, the ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability)
properties that guarantee database transactions lack flexibility with
regard to schema changes and the performance and fault tolerance
when data volumes and complexity grow, making them unsuitable for
big data scenarios.
 NoSQL technologies have been designed with the scalability goal in
mind and present a wide range of solutions based on alternative data
models.
Examples of ACID properties
An example of an atomic transaction is a monetary transfer from bank
account A to account B. It consists of two operations, withdrawing the
money from account A and saving it to account B. Performing these
operations in an atomic transaction ensures that the database remains
in a consistent state, that is, money is neither lost nor created if either
of those two operations fail.
The atomicity of transactions even in the face of external failures.
As a result of this, failure to detect errors and roll back the enclosing
transaction may cause failures of isolation and consistency.
Example: If two operations are concurrently running on two different
accounts, then the value of both accounts should not get affected. The
value should remain persistent. As you can see in the below diagram,
account A is making T1 and T2 transactions to account B and C, but
both are executing independently without affecting each other. It is
known as Isolation.
4) Durability: Durability ensures the permanency of something. In
DBMS, the term durability ensures that the data after the successful
execution of the operation becomes permanent in the database. The
durability of the data should be so perfect that even if the system fails
or leads to a crash, the database still survives. However, if gets lost, it
becomes the responsibility of the recovery manager for ensuring the
durability of the database. For committing the values, the COMMIT
command must be used every time we make changes.
Data Usage
It covers the data-driven business activities that need access to
data, its analysis, and the tools needed to integrate the data
analysis within the business activity.
Data usage in business decision-making can enhance competitive-
ness through reduction of costs, increased added value, or any other
parameter that can be measured against existing performance crite-
ria
2.3 Basic concepts of big data

Big data is a blanket term for the non-traditional strategies and technologies needed to gather,
organize, process, and gather insights from large datasets.
While the problem of working with data that exceeds the computing power or storage of a single
computer is not new, the pervasiveness, scale, and value of this type of computing has greatly
expanded in recent years.
In this section, we will talk about big data on a fundamental level and define common concepts you
might come across.
We will also take a high-level look at some of the processes and technologies currently being used in
this space.
What Is Big Data?
An exact definition of “big data” is difficult to nail down because projects, vendors, practitioners, and
business professionals use it quite differently. With that in mind, generally speaking, big data is:
1. large datasets
2. the category of computing strategies and technologies that are used to handle large datasets
In this context, “large dataset” means a dataset too large to reasonably process or store with
traditional tooling or on a single computer.
This means that the common scale of big datasets is constantly shifting and may vary significantly
from organization to organization.
What’s Big Data?
No single definition; here is from Wikipedia:
Big data is the term for a collection of data sets so large and complex that it
becomes difficult to process using on-hand database management tools or
traditional data processing applications.
The challenges include capture, curation, storage, search, sharing, transfer,
analysis, and visualization.
The trend to larger data sets is due to the additional information derivable from
analysis of a single large set of related data, as compared to separate smaller sets
with the same total amount of data, allowing correlations to be found to "spot
business trends, determine quality of research, prevent diseases, link legal
citations, combat crime, and determine real-time roadway traffic conditions.”

Dr.Vittapu Introduction to Emerging

Technologies Chapter 2 Introduction to Data Science 33
  Data sets are made up of data objects. A data object represents an entity.
 In a sales database, the objects may be customers, store items, and
sales;
 In a medical database, the objects may be patients;
 In a university database, the objects may be students, professors, and
courses. Data objects are typically described by attributes.
 Data objects can also be referred to as samples, examples, instances,
data points, or objects.
 If the data objects are stored in a database, they are data tuples.
 That is, the rows of a database correspond to the data objects, and the
columns correspond to the attributes.

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Technologies Chapter 2 Introduction to Data Science 34
Why Are Big Data Systems Different?
The basic requirements for working with big data are the same as
the requirements for working with datasets of any size.
However, the massive scale, the speed of ingesting and processing,
and the characteristics of the data that must be dealt with at each
stage of the process present significant new challenges when
designing solutions.
The goal of most big data systems is to surface insights and
connections from large volumes of heterogeneous data that would
not be possible using conventional methods.
In 2001, Gartner’s Doug Laney first presented what became known
as the “three Vs of big data” to describe some of the characteristics
that make big data different from other data processing:
Real-time/Fast Data

Mobile devices
(tracking all objects all the time)

Social media and networks Scientific instruments

(all of us are generating data) (collecting all sorts of data)

Sensor technology and

networks
(measuring all kinds of data)

The progress and innovation is no longer hindered by the ability to collect data
But, by the ability to manage, analyze, summarize, visualize, and discover
knowledge from the collected data in a timely manner and in a scalable fashion

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Technologies Chapter 2 Introduction to Data Science 36
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Technologies Chapter 2 Introduction to Data Science 37
Some Make it 4V’s

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Technologies Chapter 2 Introduction to Data Science 38
Characteristics of Big Data – 3V’s

Volume
The sheer scale of the information processed helps define big data systems.
These datasets can be orders of magnitude larger than traditional datasets, which demands more thought at each stage of the
processing and storage life cycle.
Often, because the work requirements exceed the capabilities of a single computer, this becomes a challenge of pooling, allocating, and
coordinating resources from groups of computers.
Cluster management and algorithms capable of breaking tasks into smaller pieces become increasingly important.
International Data Corporation (IDC) reports 33 Zettabytes of data in 2018.
Estimates that amount will grow to 177 Zettabytes by 2025.

Velocity
Another way in which big data differs significantly from other data systems is the speed that information moves through the system.
Data is frequently flowing into the system from multiple sources and is often expected to be processed in real time to gain insights and
update the current understanding of the system.
This focus on near instant feedback has driven many big data practitioners away from a batch-oriented approach and closer to a real-
time streaming system.
Data is constantly being added, massaged, processed, and analyzed in order to keep up with the influx of new information and to
surface valuable information early when it is most relevant.
These ideas require robust systems with highly available components to guard against failures along the data pipeline.
Variety
Big data problems are often unique because of the wide range of both the sources
being processed and their relative quality.
Data can be ingested from internal systems like application and server logs, from
social media feeds and other external APIs, from physical device sensors, and from
other providers.
Big data seeks to handle potentially useful data regardless of where it’s coming from
by consolidating all information into a single system.
The formats and types of media can vary significantly as well. Rich media like
images, video files, and audio recordings are ingested alongside text files,
structured logs, etc.
While more traditional data processing systems might expect data to enter the
pipeline already labeled, formatted, and organized, big data systems usually accept
and store data closer to its raw state.
Ideally, any transformations or changes to the raw data will happen in memory at
the time of processing.
Other Characteristics of Big data – 6V’s
Various individuals and organizations have suggested expanding
the original 3Vs, which tended to describe challenges rather than
qualities of big data. The additions include:
Veracity: The variety of sources and the complexity of the
processing can lead to challenges in evaluating the quality of the
data (and consequently, the quality of the resulting analysis)
Variability: Variation in the data leads to wide variation in quality.
Additional resources may be needed to identify, process, or filter
low quality data to make it more useful.
Value: The ultimate challenge of big data is delivering value.
Sometimes, the systems and processes in place are complex enough
that using the data and extracting actual value can become difficult.
Big Data Life Cycle – ingesting, persisting, commuting & analysing, and
visualizing
So how is data actually processed with a big data system?
While approaches to implementation differ, there are some commonalities
in the strategies and software that we can talk about generally.
Therefore, the widely adopted steps are presented below ( note it might not
be true in all cases).
The general categories of activities involved with big data processing are:
Ingesting data into the system
Persisting the data in storage
Computing and Analyzing data
Visualizing the results
Before discussing these steps, understanding of clustered computing - an
important strategy employed by most big data solutions is important.
Dr.Vittapu Introduction to Emerging
Technologies Chapter 2 Introduction to Data Science 43
Clustered Computing
Setting up a computing cluster is often the foundation for technology used in each of the life cycle stages.
In big data, individual computers are often inadequate for handling the data at most stages.
Therefore, the high storage and computational needs of big data addressed in computer cluster.
Big data clustering software that combines the resources of many smaller machines provide a number of
benefits:
Resource Pooling: Combining the available storage space to hold data. CPU and memory pooling is also
extremely important. processing large datasets require large amount of these three resources
High Availability: Clusters provide varying levels of fault tolerance and availability. Guarantees to prevent
hardware or software failures from affecting access to data and processing. This becomes increasingly
important as we continue to emphasize the importance of real-time analytics.
Easy Scalability: Clusters make it easy to scale horizontally by adding additional machines to the group.
This means the system can react to changes in resource requirements without expanding the physical
resources on a machine.
Using clusters requires a solution for managing cluster membership, coordinating resource sharing, and
scheduling actual work on individual nodes. Solution for cluster membership and resource allocation
include:
software like Hadoop’s YARN (which stands for Yet Another Resource Negotiator) or Apache Mesos.
The assembled computing cluster often acts as a foundation which other software interfaces with to process
the data. The machines involved in the computing cluster are also typically involved with the management
of a distributed storage system (discuss in data persistence).
 What is cluster computing?
 A computer cluster is a group of linked computers, working together closely so that in many
respects they form a single computer. The components of a cluster are commonly, but not always,
connected to each other through fast local area networks.
 Clusters are usually deployed to improve performance and/or availability over that provided by a
single computer, while typically being much more cost-effective than single computers of
comparable speed or availability.

Cluster consists of: APP APP APP

 Nodes(master+computing)
…
 Network
 OS Cluster Middle ware
 Cluster middleware: Middleware such as
MPI which permits compute clustering
programs to be portable to a wide variety
of clusters High Speed Local Network

CPU CPU … CPU

Cluster

45
Step 1: Ingesting Data into the System
Data ingestion is the process of taking raw data and adding it to the system.
Complexity of this operation depends - heavily on the format and quality of the data sources and how far
the data is from the desired state prior to processing.
Dedicated ingestion tools that can add data to a big data system are.
Apache Sqoop – technologies that can take existing data from relational databases and add it to a big data system.
Apache Flume and Apache Chukwa are projects designed to aggregate and import application and server logs.
Queuing systems like Apache Kafka can also be used as an interface between various data generators and a big data
system.
Ingestion frameworks like Gobblin can help to aggregate and normalize the output of these tools at the end of the
ingestion pipeline.
In the ingestion process - some level of analysis, sorting, and labelling usually takes place.
This process is sometimes called ETL (stands for extract, transform, and load).
While this term conventionally refers to legacy data warehousing processes, some of the same concepts
apply to data entering the big data system.
Typical operations might include modifying the incoming data to format it, categorizing and
labelling data, filtering out unneeded or bad data, or potentially validating that it adheres to
certain requirements.
With those capabilities in mind, ideally, the captured data should be kept as raw as possible for greater
flexibility further on down the pipeline.
Step 2: Persisting the Data in Storage
The ingestion processes typically hand the data off to the components that manage storage, so that
it can be reliably persisted to disk.
Although looks simple operation, the volume of incoming data, the requirements for
availability, and the distributed computing layer make more complex storage systems
necessary.
This usually means leveraging a distributed file system for raw data storage.
Solutions like Apache Hadoop’s HDFS filesystem allow large quantities of data to be written across
multiple nodes in the cluster.
This ensures that the data can be accessed by compute resources, can be loaded into the cluster’s
RAM for in-memory operations, and can gracefully handle component failures.
Other distributed filesystems can be used in place of HDFS including Ceph and GlusterFS.
Data can also be imported into other distributed systems for more structured access.
Distributed databases, especially NoSQL databases, are well-suited for this role because they are
often designed with the same fault tolerant considerations and can handle heterogeneous data.
Many different types of distributed databases available to choose from depending on how you want
to organize and present the data.
Step 3: Computing and Analyzing Data
 Once the data is available, the system can begin processing the data to surface actual
information.
 The computation layer is perhaps the most diverse part of the system.
 the requirements and best approach can vary significantly depending on what type of
insights desired.
 Data is often processed repeatedly - either iteratively by a single tool or by using a number
of tools to surface different types of insights.
 Two main method of processing: Batch and Real-time
 Batch processing is one method of computing over a large dataset.
 The process involves: breaking work up into smaller pieces, scheduling each piece on an
individual machine, reshuffling the data based on the intermediate results, and then
calculating and assembling the final result.
 These steps are often referred: splitting, mapping, shuffling, reducing, and assembling,
or collectively as a distributed map reduce algorithm. This is the strategy used
by Apache Hadoop’s MapReduce.
 Batch processing is most useful when dealing with very large datasets that require quite
a bit of computation.
 Real-time processing - While batch processing is a good fit for certain types of data and
computation, other workloads require more real-time processing.
 Real-time processing demands that information be processed and made ready immediately and
requires the system to react as new information becomes available.
 One way of achieving this is stream processing, which operates on a continuous stream of data composed of
individual items.
 Another common characteristic of real-time processors is in-memory computing, which works with
representations of the data in the cluster’s memory to avoid having to write back to disk.
 Apache Storm, Apache Flink, and Apache Spark provide different ways of achieving real-time or
near real-time processing.
 There are trade-offs with each of these technologies, which can affect which approach is best for any
individual problem.
 In general, real-time processing is best suited for analyzing smaller chunks of data that are
changing or being added to the system rapidly.
 The above examples represent computational frameworks. However, there are many other ways of
computing over or analyzing data within a big data system. These tools frequently plug into the
above frameworks and provide additional interfaces for interacting with the underlying layers.(see
more on the module).
Step 4: Visualizing the Results
Due to the type of information being processed in big data systems, recognizing trends or changes in
data over time is often more important than the values themselves.
Visualizing data is one of the most useful ways to spot trends and make sense of a large number of data
points.
Real-time processing is frequently used to visualize application and server metrics. The data changes
frequently and large deltas in the metrics typically indicate significant impacts on the health of the
systems or organization.
Projects like Prometheus can be useful for processing the data streams as a time-series database and
visualizing that information.
Elastic Stack – is one popular way of visualizing data, formerly known as the ELK stack.
Composed of Logstash for data collection, Elasticsearch for indexing data, and Kibana for visualization,
the Elastic stack can be used with big data systems to visually interface with the results of calculations or
raw metrics.
A similar stack can be achieved using Apache Solr for indexing and a Kibana fork called Banana for
visualization. The stack created by these is called Silk.
Another visualization technology typically used for interactive data science work is a data “notebook”.
These projects allow for interactive exploration and visualization of the data in a format conducive to
sharing, presenting, or collaborating. Popular examples of this type of visualization interface are Jupyter
Notebook and Apache Zeppelin.
Dr.Vittapu Introduction to Emerging
Technologies Chapter 2 Introduction to Data Science 51
End of Data Science!!!