EET 1131 Unit 8

Code Converters, Multiplexers, and

Demultiplexers

 Read Kleitz, Chapter 8, skipping

Sections 8-2 and 8-4.

 Homework #8 and Lab #8 due in a

week and a half.

 Quiz when Homework #8 is due.

 Useful Building-Block Circuits
 Here are the kinds of digital circuits we’ll study
in the rest of this course:
 Comparators
 Decoders
 Encoders Chapter 8
 Code converters
 Multiplexers
 Demultiplexers
 Latches & Flip-flops Chapter 10
 Counters Chapter 12
 Shift registers Chapter 13
 Multivibrators Chapter 14
 Memory Chapter 16
 Some Representative Chips
 Many of the chips in Circuit Type Typical Chips
the 7400 series Comparator 7485
contain circuits listed Decoder 7442, 74138,
on the previous slide. 74154
Encoder 74147, 74148
 In a sense these
Code converter 7447, 74184
chips are obsolete,
because new designs Multiplexer 74150, 74151,
74153, 74157
no longer use
Demultiplexer 74138, 74139,
7400-series chips. 74154
But these are typical
of the kind of circuits that are still widely
used as building blocks in digital systems.
 Useful Building-Block Circuits
(Continued)

 For each type of circuit listed on

previous slide, you should understand:
1. What that type of circuit does, and why it’s
useful.
2. How you could build such a circuit out of
gates.
3. Specific details of actual chips in each
category.
Comparators
The function of a comparator is to compare the magnitudes of two
binary numbers to determine the relationship between them. In the
simplest form, a comparator can test for equality using XNOR gates.
How could you test two 4-bit numbers for equality?

AND the outputs of four XNOR gates.

A1
B1
A2
B2 Output
A3
B3
A4
B4

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Comparators
IC comparators provide outputs to indicate which of the input
numbers is larger or if they are equal. Cascading inputs are provided
to expand the comparator to larger numbers.

COMP
A0 0
A1 A
A2
A3 3
Cascading A>B A>B
A=B A=B Outputs
inputs
A<B A<B
B0 0
B1 B The IC shown is the
B2 4-bit 7485.
B3 3

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Comparators
IC comparators can be expanded using the cascading inputs as
shown. The lowest order comparator has a HIGH on the A = B input.
LSBs MSBs

A0 COMP A4 COMP
A1 0 A5 0
A2 A A6 A
A3 A7
3 3
A>B A>B A>B A>B
+5.0 V A=B A=B A=B A=B Outputs
A<B A<B A<B A<B
B0 0 B4 0
B1 B B5 B
B2 B6
B3 3 B7 3

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Comparator Chip

 7485 Four-bit magnitude comparator

 Enable Pins
 Many of the chips we’ll study have enable
inputs. Depending on the logic level at this
pin, the chip is either enabled or disabled.
 When the chip is enabled, it performs its
intended function and the outputs behave as
you would expect.
 When the chip is disabled, then (usually) all
outputs are forced to their inactive state,
regardless of the other inputs to the chip.
 Common names for enable pins include EN,
G (for “gate”), and CS (for “chip select”).
 Active-High versus Active-Low Pins
 Each input pin and output pin on a chip
is either active-high or active-low.
 In a logic symbol:
 Active-low pins are marked with a bubble or
triangle.
 Active-high pins have no bubble or triangle.
 Active-high pins: the pin is active when
there’s a HIGH on that pin.
 Many chips have active-low pins: the
pin is active when there’s a LOW on
that pin.
 Example of a Chip With Enable Inputs and
Some Active-Low Pins: 74154 Decoder

From Floyd, p. 306 From Texas Instrument datasheet

Decoders, Encoders, & Code Converters
 Decoders convert a binary code into
a single active output representing the
code’s value.
 Encoders generate a coded output
from a single active input line.
 Code converters take one input code
(such as BCD) and convert it to
another code (such as binary).
Decoders
A decoder is a logic circuit that detects the presence of a specific
combination of bits at its input. Two simple decoders that detect the
presence of the binary code 0011 are shown. The first has an active
HIGH output; the second has an active LOW output.

A0 A0
A1 X A1 X

A2 A2

A3 A3

Active HIGH decoder for 0011 Active LOW decoder for 0011

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Decoders

Assume the output of the decoder shown is a

logic 1. What are the inputs to the decoder?

A0 = 0
A1 = 1
1
A2 = 0
A3 = 1

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Decoders
IC decoders have multiple outputs to decode any
combination of inputs. For example the hex decoder
shown here has 16 outputs – one for each combination of
binary inputs. Bin/Dec
0 1
For the input shown, 1 1
2 1
what is the output? 3 1
4 1
1 A0 5 1
6 1
4-bit binary 1 A1 7 1 Decimal
input 0 A2 8 1 outputs
9 1
1 A3 10 1
11 0
12 1
13 1
14 1
15 1

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Decoders
X/Y
0
A specific integrated circuit 1
decoder is the 74154, a 4-to-16 2
3
decoder. It includes two active 4

LOW chip select lines which must A0 1

5
6
be at the active level to enable the A1 2 7
A2
outputs. These lines can be used to A3
4
8
8
9
expand the decoder to larger inputs. 10
11
12
13
14
CS1 & 15
CS2 EN
74154

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Octal Decoder

 3 data input pins for input code.

 8 output pins.
 Also called 1-of-8 decoder or
3-line-to-8-line decoder.
 May have other inputs and outputs
too, such as enable inputs.
 Example chip: 74138
Hex Decoder

 4 data input pins for input code.

 16 output pins.
 Also called 1-of-16 decoder or
4-line-to-16-line decoder.
 May have other inputs and outputs
too, such as enable inputs.
 Example chip: 74154
BCD Decoder

 4 data input pins for input code.

 10 output pins.
 Also called 1-of-10 decoder or
4-line-to-10-line decoder.
 May have other inputs and outputs
too, such as enable inputs.
 Example chip: 7442
Encoders
An encoder accepts an active logic level on one of its
inputs and converts it to a coded output, such as BCD or
binary.
1
The basic logic diagram is shown. A0
This encoder has an input for each 2

decimal digit, and four outputs that 3

A1
represent the binary code for the
4
active input digit. 5 A2
6
7
There is no zero input because the 8
A3
outputs are all LOW when the input 9
is zero.

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Encoders
Show how the BCD encoder converts the decimal
number 3 into a BCD 0011.
The top two OR gates have ones as indicated with
the red lines. Thus the output is 0011.

1 0 1
A0
2 0
1
3 1
A1

4 0
5 0 0
6
0
0 A2
7
8 0 0
A3
0
9

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Encoders
The 74147 is an example of an IC encoder. It is has ten
active-LOW inputs and converts the active input to an
active-LOW BCD output. V CC

(16)
This device offers additional (11)
HPRI/BCD
1
flexibility in that it is a priority (12)
2
(13)
encoder. This means that if more (1)
3
1 (9)
4 (7)
than one input is active, the one Decimal (2) 5
2
(6)
BCD
input 4 output
with the highest order decimal (3)
(4)
6
8
(14)
digit will be active. (5)
7
8
(10)
9
(8)
74HC147
The next slide shows an application … GND

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 VCC
Encoders R7 R8 R9

Keyboard
7 8 9
encoder HPRI/BCD
1
R4 R5 R6 2
3
1
4
2
5 4 BCD complement of
6
4 5 6 7
8 key press
8
9

R1 R2 R3 74HC147

1 2 3

R0
The zero line is not needed by the
0 encoder, but may be used by other
circuits to detect a key press.

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BCD Encoder

 10 input pins.
 4 output pins for output code.
 Also called 10-line-to-4-line
encoder.
 May have other inputs and outputs
too, such as enable inputs.
 Example chip: 74147
Octal Encoder

 8 input pins.
 3 output pins for output code.
 Also called 8-line-to-3-line encoder.
 May have other inputs and outputs
too, such as enable inputs.
 Example chip: 74148
Different Numeric Codes

 Several different codes exist for using

1s and 0s to represent positive
integers.
 Standard binary code
 Example: In standard binary, 15 is 1111.
 Binary-coded decimal (BCD)
 Example: In BCD, 15 is 0001 0101.
 Gray code
 Example: In Gray code, 15 is 1000.
 Four-Bit Gray Code
 The key feature
of Gray code is
that only one bit
changes when
we increase a
number by one.

 This is not true

of standard
binary.
 Why is Gray Code Useful?
 Gray code is used for rotary encoders
that sense the angular position of a
shaft or axle.
 From Wikipedia article on rotary encoders:

Standard 3-bit binary code: no good! 3-bit Gray code: better!

Code Converters

 If a digital system needs to handle

numbers using two different codes, it
needs circuitry to convert between the
two codes.
 Examples of code converters:
 74184 BCD-to-binary and binary-to-BCD c
onverter
 Binary-to-Gray code or Gray-code-to-
binary converters (see next slide)
 Gray Code/Binary Converters

Figure 8-40. Binary-to-Gray-code converter Figure 8-41. Gray-code-to-binary converter

 Multiplexer (MUX) and Demultiplexer
(DEMUX)
 MUXes and DEMUXes are basically just
switch boxes that route data from one
place to another.

MUX DEMUX
Select Inputs Select Inputs

Data Inputs Data Output Data Input Data Outputs

A MUX routes one of its data inputs A DEMUX routes its single data input
to its single data output. to one of its data outputs.
Multiplexers
A multiplexer, or “MUX,” (also called a data selector)
selects one of two or more data inputs and routes data
from that selected input to the output. The particular data
input that is selected is determined by the select inputs.
MUX
Two select inputs are shown 0
Select S0 0
here to choose any of the inputs 1 1
S1
four data inputs.
D0 0 Data
Data D1 1 output
inputs D2 2
Which data input is selected D3 3
if S1S0 = 10? D2

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Some Multiplexer Chips

 74150 (16-input MUX)

 74151 (8-input MUX)
 74153 (dual 4-input MUX)
 74157 (quad 2-input MUX)
Demultiplexers
A demultiplexer or “DEMUX” (also called a data
distributor) performs the opposite function from a MUX. It
routes data from a data input to one of two or more data
outputs, depending on the select inputs.
The 74LS138 was introduced
DEMUX
previously as a decoder, but can A0
Y0
also serve as a DEMUX. When Select Y1
inputs A1
Y2
connected as a DEMUX, data is A2 Data
Y3
applied to one of the enable inputs, Y4
outputs
Enable G1
and routed to the selected output inputs, one Y5
G2A
line depending on the select inputs. of which
G2B
Y6
will serve
Note that the outputs are active- as the data
Y7

LOW as illustrated in the following input. 74LS138

example…

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 A0
A1
Demultiplexers
A2
Determine the outputs, given the
inputs shown. G1
G2A LOW
The output logic is opposite to the input G2B LOW
because of the active-LOW convention. (Red
shows the selected line). Y0
DEMUX Y1
Y0
A0
Select Y1 Y2
inputs A1
A2
Y2
Data
Y3
Y3
Data input Y4 outputs Y4
G1
Y5
Enable G2A Y5
Y6
inputs G2B Y6
Y7

74LS138 Y7
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 Some Demultiplexer Chips

 74138 (3-line to 8-line Decoder/DEMUX)

 74154 (4-line to 16-line Decoder/DEMUX)
 74139 (dual 2-line to 4-line Decoder/DEMUX)