Probability

Concepts and
Application
 Sample Space, Relationships Among
Events and Rules of Probability
 Counting Rules Useful in Probability
 Learn
Calculate simple probabilities using
ing
probability theory
Targe
Describe statistically dependent and t
independent events

Use multiplication rule in counting the number

of points in the sample space

Illustrate how to count all possible arrangements of a group of objects

using permutation.

Apply combinations in counting the number of ways of selecting a number of

objects.
 What is PROBABILITY?

Used to describe the

phenomenon of chance
or randomness of
events to occur.
 Theoretical or
classical probability
Opinion
polls
Judgemen
Subjective
Types of t of expert
Probability Delphi
Objective Method

Empirical or
experiment probability
 Probability Formula
Probability of an event number of outcomes of
happening the event

𝑷 ( 𝑬 )=¿ ¿
probability of simple
events E number of all possible
outcomes
Experiment
a trial or an operation conducted to produce an outcome

Event
the set of some of possible outcome satisfying a given condition

Sample space
The set of possible outcomes

Probability
the ratio of the number of favorable outcomes to the total number of
outcomes of an event.
Probability Formula
Probability of an event will not occur

¿ 1− 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 h𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔

Determine in the problem which is
the experiment, the event, the
sample space and the number of
possible outcomes.
A die is rolled, find the probability of
getting 3.
Experiment : rolling a die
Event: getting 3
Sample space: The set of possible outcome
Number of possibility: 1

𝟏
{𝟏,𝟐,𝟑 ,𝟒 ,𝟓,𝟔} 
𝟔
There are 6 pillows in the bed, 3 are red, 2 are
yellow and 1 is blue. What is the probability of
picking a yellow pillow?
Experiment : picking pillows in the bed
Event: picking a yellow pillow
Sample space: 6
Number of possibility: 2

𝟐 𝟏
𝒐𝒓
𝟔 𝟑
Jimin wants to see how many times a double
number will come up when he throws two dice.

Experiment : rolling two dice

Event: getting double number
Sample space: 36
Number of possibility: 6

𝟐 𝟔 𝟏
𝟔 𝒐𝒓
𝟑𝟔 𝟔
Jungkook tosses three coins. What is the
probability that he will toss two tails?

Experiment : tossing three coins

Event: tossing two tails
Sample space: 8
Number of possibility: 3

𝟑 𝟑
𝟐
𝟖
In a standard deck of card, find the
probability that you will draw a diamond.

Experiment : drawing a card

Event: drawing a diamond card
Sample space: 52
Number of possibility: 13

𝟏𝟑 𝟏
𝒐𝒓
𝟓𝟐 𝟒
When you roll a die, what is the When you roll a die, what is the
probability that you will get a prime probability of getting even numbers?
number?

{1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6}
Two coins are tossed. What is the Two coins are tossed. What is the
probability that you will get one probability that you will get two
head? tails?

{Head, Head}, {Head, Tail},

{Tail, Tail}, { Tail, Head}
A family has three children. Find the A family has three children. Find the
probability of having three boys. probability of getting two girls and
one boy.

(BBB), (BBG), (BGB), (BGG),

(GBB), (GBG), (GGB), (GGG)
A number is drawn from 1 to
20. Find the probability of:
 
a. Choosing an odd number
b. Picking a number that is
divisible by 10
c. Getting a prime number
A playing card was drawn at
random from a standard deck of
cards. Find the probability of
drawing

a. Ace  
b. Number card
c. Even number  
d. Face card 
e. Red card 
f. Spade card
In the alphabet, find the
probability of getting

a. Consonant

b. Not consonant
A pair of dice is rolled. Find
the probability that the

a. Sum is 2
b. Sum is 4
c. Sum is 10
d. Sum is 7
e. Sum of 9
f. Sum of 6
Examples: The table below includes all
of the programs offered at a
A pet store has the sports complex and the
following animals: 6 number of participants aged
puppies, 9 kittens, 4 14-16. What is the
gerbils, and 7 parakeets. probability that a player is
If a pet is chosen at 14 or plays basketball?
random, what is the
probability of choosing a
puppy or a parakeet?
 Examples: In selecting a number
In a box having 4 bulbs, at random from
the probability of having integers 1 to 20, what
one defected bulb is 0.5
and the probability of
is the probability of
having no bulb defected is getting an even
0.4. Find the probability of number or a number
having one defected bulb divisible by 3.
or zero defected bulb.
 Independent event

𝑷 ( 𝑨 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩 ) =𝑷 ( 𝑨 ) × 𝑷 (𝑩)
 Dependent event

𝑷 ( 𝑨 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩 ) =𝑷 ( 𝑨 ) × 𝑷 (𝑩∨ 𝑨)
Examples: Miriam randomly chooses 2
Miriam randomly chooses 2 items for the child she is
items for the child she is babysitting from a toy bin
babysitting from a toy bin that contains 12 toys, 8
that contains 12 toys, 8 stuffed animals, and 3
stuffed animals, and 3 board games. What is the
board games. What is the probability that she chose 2
probability that she chose 2 stuffed animals as the first
stuffed animals as the first two choices?
two choices?
Examples: You have a bag of 15
Joshua’s mother has 10 orange scrabble tiles. 3 of the tiles
juice boxes, 7 grape juice are O and 2 of the tiles are
boxes, and 3 lemonade juice
U. What is the probability of
boxes in the cooler for Joshua
and his friends. Joshua getting O and then U?
randomly takes a juice box from
the cooler, then randomly
chooses another juice box
without replacing the first. Find
the probability that both juice
boxes are lemonade.
 Generalized Multiplication
Principle of Counting
𝒏 ( 𝑬 )=𝐧 ( 𝑬 𝟏) ×𝒏( 𝑬 𝟐)

Total Number of Number of Ways

Ways of Event E Number of Ways of of Event
Event
Permutation Combination
 Order matters  Order doesn’t matters
 How many ways  choose
Permutation
Permutation n different objects taken r
at a time, where r is a subset of n

The number of objects

The number of objects to selected
choose from
 Example:
There are 12 puppies for
sale at the local pet shop.
Four are brown, four are
black, three are spotted,
𝑷 ( 𝑬 )=¿ ¿
and one is white. What is
the probability that all the
brown puppies will be
sold first.
 Permutation
Permutation with n objects taken all at a time
where some items consist of
look-alikes/duplicates and rest are all different
Example:

𝑷 ( 𝑬 )=¿ ¿
 Permutation
Permutation with n different objects
taken all at a time

The number of
objects to arrange

The number of positions

available for the objects to
fill
Example:

𝑷 ( 𝑬 )=¿ ¿
 Combination
Combination in which r objects can be
selected from a set of n objects

Size of Full
Set Number of set that was left
Number of selected set