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DJM3052 Industrial Electronic (UNIT 5) : Sensor

This document provides information about sensors, including: - It defines sensors and transducers, and explains how transducers convert one form of energy to another through the process of transduction. - It classifies transducers according to their transduction principle and measurement form. It also lists some common examples of transducers like microphones, loudspeakers, and thermometers. - It describes the ideal characteristics of a transducer and specifies factors that contribute to transducer accuracy like fundamental parameters, physical conditions, ambient conditions, and environment conditions.

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Shazryl Daniel
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66 views22 pages

DJM3052 Industrial Electronic (UNIT 5) : Sensor

This document provides information about sensors, including: - It defines sensors and transducers, and explains how transducers convert one form of energy to another through the process of transduction. - It classifies transducers according to their transduction principle and measurement form. It also lists some common examples of transducers like microphones, loudspeakers, and thermometers. - It describes the ideal characteristics of a transducer and specifies factors that contribute to transducer accuracy like fundamental parameters, physical conditions, ambient conditions, and environment conditions.

Uploaded by

Shazryl Daniel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DJM3052

INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONIC
(UNIT 5)

SENSOR
Course Learning Outcome(CLO)
No. Course Learning Outcome (CLO)
1. Apply the mechatronic devices, switches, relays, solenoid, electronic control devices,
sensor and telemetry system in industrial application.(C3)

2. Construct the circuit of relays and sensors according to operational principle.(P4)

3. Demonstrate the understanding of mechatronic devices.(A3)

Lesson Learning Outcome(LLO)


SENSOR
After completing lesson , the student will be able to:
TOPIC AND SUBTOPIC DURATION
Define and determine sensor types and category 2 Hours
Select sensor based on their characteristics
Explain the operation and function of the sensors 1 hour

TOPIC AND SUBTOPIC DURATION


Explain advantages and disadvantages of sensor 1 hour
Explain application of sensors 1 hour
TRANSDUCER
 device which converts the quantity being measured into
an optical, mechanical or electrical.

 The energy conversion process that takes place is referred


to as transduction.

 Transducer are classified according to the transduction


principle involve and the form of the measurement.

 Thus a resistance transducer for measuring displacement


is classified as resistance displacement transducer.
EXAMPLES
 Antenna
 (converts electromagnetic waves into electric current and vice versa)
 Microphones
 (converts sound into an electrical signal (air pressure → motion of conductor/coil →
magnetic field → signal)
 Loudspeakers
 converts electrical signals into sound (amplified signal → magnetic field → motion → air
pressure)
 Thermometers
 converts temperature readings into electrical signals
 pressure sensors
 pressure into electrical signal

 Although not generally thought of as transducers, photocells, LEDs


(light-emitting diodes), and even common light bulbs are transducers.
 converts electrical power into visible light
IDEAL TRANSDUCER SHOULD EXHIBIT THE
FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS
 High fidelity – the transducer output waveform shape should be a
faithful reproduction of the measurement. There should be minimum
distortion.
 There should be minimum interference with the quantity being
measured, in examples the presence of the transducer should not alter
the measurement in any way.
 Size. The transducer must be capable of being placed exactly where it is
needed.
 There should be a linear relationship between the measurement and the
transducer signal.
 The transducer should have minimum sensitivity to external effects.
 The natural frequency of the transducer should be well separated from
the frequency and harmonic of the measurement.
 
SPECIFICATION OF TRANSDUCER:
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTING TO TRANSDUCER ACCURACY

 Fundamental transducer parameters – type and range


of measurement, sensitivity, excitation.

 Physical conditions – mechanical and electrical


connection, mounting provisions, corrosion resistance.

 Ambient conditions – nonlinearity effects, hysteresis


effects, frequency response, resolution.

 Environment conditions – temperature effects,


acceleration, shock and vibration.
TRANSDUCER PARAMETERS
• Linearity
– The relationship between a physical parameter and the resulting
electrical signal be linear.
Sensitivity
electrical output per unit change in the physical parameter.( e.g. V/ºC
or mV/ºC for temperature sensor) high sensitivity is desirable.
Dynamic Range
operating range of transducer should be wide, to permit its use under
wide range of measurement
conditions
Repeatability
i/p & o/p relationship for transducer should be predictable over long
period.
Physical size
– Minimal weight & volume
PRINCIPLES OF SENSOR/TRANSDUCERS OPERATION.

• DISPLACEMENT SENSOR.

– The concept of converting an applied force into


a displacement is basic to many types of
transducers.
– The mechanical elements that are used to
convert the applied force into a displacement
are called force-summing devices.
– The force-summing members generally used
are the following;
ELECTRICAL PRINCIPLES MOST COMMONLY USED IN THE
MEASUREMENT OF DISPLACEMENT ARE

• Capacitive.
• Inductive
• Differential transformer
• Ionization
• Oscillation.
CAPACITIVE TRANSDUCER(PRESSURE)
INDUCTIVE TRANSDUCER (PRESSURE)
Functions of sensor
Factors of consideration when choose a
sensor
• Cost- must balanced with requirement

• Size – depend on application

• Weight – suitable weight, heavy sensor may add


• inertia to the robotic arm

• Type of output (analog or digital)- according application requirement

• Interfacing- with other devices

• Resolution - minimum step size within the range of


• measurement (=full range/ 2n) ; n is bit
• Sensitivity – ratio of change in output in response to a change in input

• Linearity- input/output variations

• Range – difference between smallest and largest outputs

• Response time- time that sensor’s output requires to reach certain percentage in total.

• Reliability- how many times system operates properly over how


• many times tried

• Accuracy-how close the output of the sensor is to the expected value

• Repeatability – how varied the different outputs for the same inputs
SENSOR CLASSIFICATION

• 1- Mechanical sensors -measure such quantities as position, shape,


• velocity, force,torque, pressure, vibration, strain
• and mass.

• 2- Electrical sensors -measure voltage, current, charge and conductivity

• 3- Magnetic sensors- measure magnetic field, flux and permeability

• 4- Thermal sensors - measure temperature, flux, conductivity and specific heat.

• 5- Other types are acoustic, ultrasonic, chemical, optical, radiation, laser and fiber
optic.
ADVANTAGES OF SENSOR

• Reduce production costs – the sensor can detect errors at the earliest so that
it
– can reduce material waste. In addition, its size can be designed according to the
equipment.
– It can also identify the necessary components and processes further.

• Prevent accidents and damage to equipment – safety, equipment and personal


– support is more secure robots with sensors. It can also detect danger and thus the
operation will be terminated.

• Facilitate maintenance works – the sensor can detect parts of the processor
robot
– can not function properly, and maintenance or repair can be done on the defective parts
Disadvantages
• Easily be set off and cause problem
• Can be break down
sensors used in mobile and industrial robots

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