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Wetlands

Wetlands are transitional areas between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. They occur globally and vary based on soil, topography, hydrology, vegetation and human disturbance. Wetlands provide many benefits like flood control, water purification, and biodiversity. However, they face threats from human activities like draining and development. Wetlands can be coastal or inland, and are classified based on features. Examples of wetland types include mangroves, marshes, swamps and estuaries. Major wetlands around the world provide important habitat.

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Arya Krishnan
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43 views

Wetlands

Wetlands are transitional areas between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. They occur globally and vary based on soil, topography, hydrology, vegetation and human disturbance. Wetlands provide many benefits like flood control, water purification, and biodiversity. However, they face threats from human activities like draining and development. Wetlands can be coastal or inland, and are classified based on features. Examples of wetland types include mangroves, marshes, swamps and estuaries. Major wetlands around the world provide important habitat.

Uploaded by

Arya Krishnan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Wetlands

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SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ARYA KRISHNAN

DILIP KUMAR P G 2ND MSC GEOLOGY

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT ,
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE
KOTTAYAM.
DEFINITIO
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 Wetlands are ecotones or transitional zones between permanently acqatic and dry
teresstial ecosystems,

 -Ramsar conection has defined - - areas of marsh ,fen, peatland ,or water , whether
natural or artificial , permanent or temporary with water that is static or flowing ,
fresh , brackish or salt , including areas of marine water depth of which at low tide
doesnot exceed six meters.

 Globally wetland cover 748- 788 million hectors.

 Wetlands occur in all continents expect Antartica


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Wetlands vary widely based on :-

 Regional and local differences in soil

 Topography

 Hydrology

 Water chemistry

 Vegetation

 Human disturbance
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USE OF WETLANDS

 Flood control

 Ground water replenishment

 Shoreline stabilization and storm protection

 Sedimentand nutrient retention and export.

 Water purification

 Reservoir of biodiversity

 Wetlands products fish clam etc

 Cultural values- eg: traditional indigenous method of farming below sea level.

 Climatic chane mitigation and adaptation


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Threats to wetlands

 Anthropogenic pressures

 Rapidly expanding human evolution

 Improper use of watershed.

 Converting floodplains to aquaculture.

 Planting trees on bogs.

 Draining marshes for agriculture.

 Forestry and urban development

 Mining them for peat


z Wetland classification scheme

 Coastal wetlands :-

Natural Man-made

 Eustuary Mangrove forest salt pans .

 lagoon salt marsg/ marsh vegetation Aquaculture.

 Backwater other vegetation

 Tidal flat/ split/ bar

 Coral reef

 Roacky coast
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Inland wetlands

 Natural Man-made

 Lake/pods Reservoir

 Ox-bow lakes/ cut-off meanders tanks

 Playas Water logged

 Water logged Abandoned quarries

 Swamp/ marsh ash pond/ cooling pond


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Coastal wetlands

 Sea water mixes with fresh water to form an environment of varying salinities

 Shallow coastal areas are unvegetated mud-flats or sandflats.

 Grasses and grass like plants survive this condition.

 Mangroove swamps with salt loving shrubs or trees are common in tropical climate.
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Non tidal wetlands

 Common in floodpalins along rivers and streams – riparian wetlands

 Isolated depression surrounded by dry lands – playas potholes ans basins

 Along the margins of lakes and ponds.

 Marshes and wet- meadows

 Low-lying areas where the GW intercepts the soil surface or where precipitation
sufficiently saturates the soil vernal pools and bogs.
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NON-TIDAL WETLANDS
 CREEK :- A tidal inlet typically in a salt marsh or mangrove swamp.
Alternatively , between enclosed and drained , former salt marshes or
swamps . In these cases the stream is the tidal stream.

 FEN:-A a type of wetlands fed y ground water or by surface water.the ph is


very low.

 PLAYA :-It is a naturally occurring wetland that contains water only


seasonally. When it rains, they are wet. When it doesn’t rain they are dry.

FORMATION:- GLACIAL FLUCTUATIONS

NATURAL DEPRESSION- over time , chemical reactiom dissolves the


underlying layer, the land surface subsides, creating playa.
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swamps

 Wetlands that feature temporary or permanent inundation of large areas of


land by shallow bodies of water , generally with a substantial number of
hammocks(or dry land potrusions), and covered by acquatic vegetation, or
vegetation that tolerates periodical inundation.

 The swamp may be fresh h20 or saline

 Slow moving H2o . Low lying areas . Rich biodiversity


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estuary

 Semi enclosed coastal body of water with one or more streams flowing into
it, and with a free connection to the open sea or estuary is where river meets
the sea

 Made up of brackish water

 Sedimentation of slit – carriesd I from teresstial runoff from offshore.

 Name like bay, sound fjord.

 Ph salinity and H20 level vary.


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Types of estuary.

 RIA

 FJORD ORFIORD

 SOUND LAGOON
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WETLANDS OF WORLD
 Internationaly important wetland – 2331 ramsar sites

 2.1million square km

 Highest no of sites – U K AND ORINOCK delta map of venenzula.

 1 PANTANAL (BRAZIL, BOLIVIA, PARAGUAY)

 2 CAMARGUE (FRANCE)

 WASUR NATIONAL PARK , INDONESIA

 KAKADU WETLANDS AUSTRA;IA

 OKAVANGO (BOTSWANNA)
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 KAFUE(ZAMBIA)

 EVERGLADES (USA)

 LOWER DANUBE AND DANUBE DELTA (BULGARIA , MOLDOVA, ROMANIA


, SERBIA AND UKRAINE )

 ISIMANGALISO (S. AFRICA)

 KERALA BACKWATERS (INDIA)

 SUNDERBANSA (WEST BENGAL AND BANGLADESH)


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THANK YOU

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