Electrical Systems in a Building

Introduction
• Since the end of the nineteenth century virtually all buildings are
provided with electric lightings installation for use at night. With
the advent of fluorescent lamp that is compatible with daylight,
cheap to run and not emitting heat gain in buildings, it made possible
to install electric lighting supplementing day light and in extreme
cases provide the only source of light in a windowless environment.
• Several factors can exercise a critical influence on the success of
lighting installations apart from proper level of illumination on the
work plane.
Introduction
 Introduction
• The first use of electric supply were established in 1882 by
Thomas Edison, Thereafter there have been constant effort
throughout the world to set-up power stations for more than one
purposes.
• The power generation in India in 1947-48 was only 4.1 billion and
today we generate more than 600 billion kw.
Electricity Generation
 Entry in the buildings
• In Urban areas electrical cables are Usually underground and are brought
up to entry point at ground level or into basement service cable cannot
be bent to small radiee and this should be borne in mind when considering
point of entry.
• In small buildings the cable run is kept as short as possible, terminating
in a distribution board at the first convenient position. In these buildings
the distribution board will be fitted with a seal box to prevent moisture
from entering the insulation of the service cable, a main fuse for the
premises in a box sealed by the supply authority and the consumer unit
or other switch and fuse gear belonging to the building.
• The position chosen for the distribution board should be readily accessible
both for meter reading and for replacing fuses. In some cases special
glasses are provided so that meter can be read without entering the
premises.
Entry in the buildings
 Domestic Supply
• Domestic electricity supply usually effected through distribution system
and describe as single and three phases. Normally small buildings are
supplied with electricity by two wires, one phase wire and the other neutral.
This is known as single phase supply and gives a voltage for the
premises of 240 volts. The loading of the supply wiring is balanced
between the phases by using the phases in rotation so that each one services
every third building.
• In three phases, four wire bring 420/ 240 volts, 50 cycle per second. The
voltage. The voltage between any two of the phases wires is 415 Volts.
And between any phase wire and the neutral is 240 volts. The balancing of
load is then achieved by serving different areas of the building by different
phases. Electric motor are usually designed for three phase operation.
Single and Three Phases Distribution
 Earthing System
• In electricity supply systems, an earthing system or
grounding system is circuitry which connects parts of
the electric circuit with the ground, thus defining the
electric potential of the conductors relative to the
Earth's conductive surface
 Earthing System
• Regulations for earthing system vary considerably among countries
and among different parts of electric systems. Most low voltage
systems connect one supply conductor to the earth (ground).
• People use an earthing system mainly for these applications:
• To protect a structure from lightning strike, directing the lightning
through the earthing system and into the ground rod rather than
passing through the structure.
• Part of the safety system of mains electricity, preventing problems
associated with floating ground and sky voltage.
• The most common ground plane for large monopole antenna and some
other kinds of radio antenna.
 Applications Of Earthing

• Protect human against lightning and earth fault condition

• Protect the premises against lightning and earth fault condition
• Provide low resistance and safe path for lightning and fault current
• All metallic enclosure and extraneous conductive parts are at
equipotential
• LV System Earth
Applications Of Earthing
 Functions of Earthing
Equipment Earth : Path for fault current, lower touch voltage,
protection against electric shock

Lighting Earth : Low resistance path to diverse the current under

lightning attack.

Telecom Earth : Signal Earth, reduce noise and interference, stabilize

DC supply voltage and prevent electric shock

Computer Earth : reduce interference, maintain supply voltages

Functions of Earthing
 Two classes of protection
Class I protection –
use of barrier/insulation and connection of protective conductor to
equipment metallic enclosure in order to protect against electric shock

Class II protection –
beside of the basic insulation, addition layer of insulation apply to the
enclosure. Therefore no extraneous conductive part. The additional
layer is independent to the basic insulation so that under failure of
basic insulation, it offers additional protection
Two classes of protection
 Types of Earthing
• Supply System – Neutral Earth
• System Earth
• Electrical Safety Earth
• Lightning Earth
• Generator Earth
• Protection Earth (i.e. surge arrestor)
• Telecom / Computer Earth
• Shielding Earth
• Integrated Earthling System (Advocated)
• Electrostatic Earth (Clean Room / Hospital)
 Earthling Arrangements
• TN System
• TNS System
• TN C S System
• TN C system
• TT System
• IT System
Domestic Supply
 Concept of Earthing Systems
All the people living or working in residential,
commercial and industrial installations, particularly
the operators and personnel who are in close
operation and contact with electrical systems and
machineries, should essentially be protected
against possible electrification. To achieve this
protection, earthing system of an installation is
defined, designed and installed according to the
standard requirements..
 What Is Earthing
The process of connecting metallic bodies
of all the electrical apparatus and equipment
to huge mass of earth by a wire having
negligible resistance is called Earthing.
 What Is Earthing
The term earthing means connecting the neutral point of supply system or the non current
carrying parts of the electrical apparatus to the general mass of earth in such a manner that all
times an immediate discharge of electrical energy takes place without danger.
• Provide an alternative path for the fault current
to flow so that it will not endanger the user
• Ensure that all exposed conductive parts do not
reach a dangerous potential
• Maintain the voltage at any part of an electrical
system at a known value so as to prevent over
current or excessive voltage on the appliances
or equipment.
 Good Earthing Means
Good Earthing must have low impedance
enough to ensure that sufficient current can
flow through the safety device so that it
disconnects the supply ( <0.4 sec ). Fault
current is much more than the full load
current of the circuit which melts the fuse.
Hence, the appliance is disconnected
automatically from the supply mains.
 Qualities Of Good Earthing
• Must be of low electrical resistance
• Must be of good corrosion resistance
• Must be able to dissipate high fault
current repeatedly
 Purpose of Earthing
• To save human life from danger of electrical shock or death by
blowing a fuse i.e. To provide an alternative path for the fault
current to flow so that it will not endanger the user
• To protect buildings, machinery & appliances under fault
conditions ie. To ensure that all exposed conductive parts
do not reach a dangerous potential.
• To provide safe path to dissipate lightning and short
circuit currents.
• To provide stable platform for operation of
sensitive electronic equipments i.e. To maintain the
voltage at any part of an electrical system at a known value
so as to prevent over current or excessive voltage on the
appliances or equipment .
• To provide protection against static electricity from
friction
 Electric shock
• An electric shock (electrocution)occurs when two portion of
a person’s body come in contact with electrical conductors of
a circuit which is at different potentials, thus producing a
potential difference across the body.
• The human body does have resistance and when the body
is connected between two conductors at different potential
a circuit is formed through the body and current will flow
• When the human body comes in contact with only one
conductor, a circuit is not formed and nothing happens.
When the human body comes in contact with circuit
conductors, no matter what the voltage is there is potential
for harm.
 Electric shock
• The higher the potential difference the more
the damage. The effect of an electric shock is
a function of what parts of body come in
contact with each conductor, the resistance of
each contact point the surface resistance of
the body at the contact as well as other factor.
• When the electrical contact is such that the
circuit path through the body is across the
heart, you have the greatest potential for
death.
 Electric shock
• As shown in fig the human body’s resistance varies
from as low as 500 ohms to as high as 600,000
ohms. As the skin become moist the contact
resistance drop. If the skin is moist due to sweat that
contain salt the resistance drop further
• Fig 1 illustrates the amount of current that can flow
through human body at three different potential
differences across the body also shown is the effect of
different current level both AC and DC the ultimate
effect is fibrillation which cause the heart to stop and
result in death.
 Electric shock
• When a high voltage such as 13,800V is
involved the body is literally cooked and
at times explodes
 Short circuit
• To analyze how an electrical shock occurs and how
grounding is applied you need to look at the
circuit involved.
• Fig 2 illustrates the basic circuit that consist of a
source, a transformer or generator for all AC circuits,
circuit protection, conductors(R1s), and a load (RL).
 Short circuit
• A short circuit is any unintended connection Rsc across
the circuit conductors between the power source and the
load
• See the second circuit in fig short circuit are classified as
bolted shorts, momentary shorts,intermittent shorts, or high
impedance shorts. A bolted short which is rare is a very
low resistant connection such as two conductors being
bolted together.
 Short circuit
• Most shorts are high resistant or they are
momentary or intermittent. The high resistant
short starts out as a high resistance or
impedance connection but usually progress
to a low impedance connection.
• In electrical system shorts are classified as
phase to phase, phase to neutral , or phase
to ground short.
 Short circuit
• Most short are phase to ground and short which start as phase
to phase or phase to neutral progress to a phase to ground
short
• When considering short circuit and protecting against the
damage they can cause one needs to know what is the
maximum amount of short circuit current that can flow in
a given circuit.
 Equipment Earthing
• In case of insulation failure, the primary
object of connecting all the above points and
apparatus to earth is to release the charge
accumulated on them immediately to earth so
that the person coming in contact may not
experience electric shock.
 Equipment Earthing(Cont.)

• The other object is that a heavy current when flows through the circuit
that operates the protective devices that is fuse or CB, which open the
circuit
 Max. Value of Earth Resistance to
be achieved
Equipment to be Earthed Max. Value of Earth Resistance to be
achieved in Ohms
Large Power Stations 0.5
Major Substations 1.0
Small Substations 2.0
Factories Substations 1.0
Lattice Steel Tower 3.0
Industrial Machine and Equipment 0.5

* The Earth Resistance depends upon the moisture content in the soil.
 Methods of Earthing

• Conventional Earthing
• Maintenance Free Earthing
 Conventional Earthing
• The Conventional system of Earthing calls for
digging of a large pit into which a GI pipe or
a copper plate is positioned in the middle
layers of charcoal and salt.
• It requires maintenance and pouring of
water at regular interval.
FIGURE:.

CONVENTIONAL EARTHING
 Maintenance Free Earthing
• It is a new type of earthing system which is
Readymade, standardized and scientifically
developed. Its Benefits are
• MAINTENANCE FREE: No need to pour water at
regular interval- except in sandy soil.
• CONSISTENCY: Maintain stable and consistent earth
resistance around the year.
• MORE SURFACE AREA: The conductive compound
creates a conductive zone, which provides the
increased surface area for peak current dissipation.
And also get stable reference point.
Maintenance Free Earthing(Contd.)

• LOW EARTH RESISTANCE: Highly

conductive. Carries high peak
current repeatedly.
• NO CORROSION:
• LONG LIFE.
• EASY INSTALLATION.
Methods of Conventional
Earthing
1. Plate Earthing
2. Pipe Earthing
3. Rod Earthing
4. Strip Earthing
5. Earthing through Water Mains
 Earthing Electrode
The resistance of a ground
electrode has 3 basic
components:
A)The resistance of the ground
electrode itself and the
connections to the electrode.
B)The contact resistance of the
surrounding earth to the
electrode.
C)The resistance of the surrounding
body of earth around the ground
Electrode. It consist of three basic
components:
1. Earth Wire
2. Connector
 Plate Earthing
• In this type of earthing plate either of copper or of
G.I. is buried into the ground at a depth of not less
than 3 meter from the ground level.
• The earth plate is embedded in alternative layer of
coke and salts for a minimum thickness of about
15cm.
• The earth wire(copper wire for copper plate
earthing and G.I. wire for G.I. plate earthing) is
securely bolted to an earth plate with the help
of bolt nut and washer made of copper, in case of
copper plate earthing and of G.I. in case of G.I.
plate earthing.
PLATE EARTHING
 Pipe earthing
• Pipe earthing is best form of earthing and it is cheap also in this
system of earthing a GI pipe of 38 mm dia and 2meters length is
embedded vertically in ground to work as earth electrod but the depth
depend upon the soil conditions, there is no hard and fast rule for this.
• But the wire is embedded upto the wet soil.
• The earth wire are fastened to the top section of the pipe with nut and
bolts.
• The pit area around the GI pipe filled with salt and coal mixture for
improving the soil conditions and efficiency of the earthing system.
• It can take heavy leakage current for the same electrode size in
comparison to plate earthing.
• The earth wire connection with GI pipes being above the ground
level can be checked for carrying out continuity test as and when
desired, while in plate earthing it is difficult.
• In summer season to have an effective earthing three or four bucket of
water is put through the funnel for better continuity of earthing.
PIPE EARTHING
 ROD EARTHING
• In this system of earthing 12.5mm diameter solid rods of
copper 16mm diameter solid rod of GI or steel or hollow
section of 25mm GI pipe of length not less than 3 meters
are driven vertically into the earth
• In order to increase the embeded length of electrode under
the ground, which is some time necessary to reduce the
earth resistance to desired value more than one rod section
are hammered one above the other.
• This system of earthing is suitable for area which are sandy
in
character .
• This system of earthing is very cheap
 STRIP OR WIRE EARTHING
• In this system of earthing strip electrod of cross section not less
than 25mm into 1.6mm of copper or 25mm * 4mm of GI or steel
are burried in horizontal trenches of minimum depth of 0.5m
• If round conductor are used their cross sectional area shall not
be smaller than three if copper is used and 6mm2 if GI or steel
is used.
• The length of burried conductor shall be sufficient to give
the required earth resistance (about 0.5Ωto 1.5Ω)
• It shall however be not less than 15 m
• The electrode shall be as widely distributed as possible in a
single straight or circular trenches radiating from a point
• This type of earthing is used in rockey soil earth bed because
at such places excavation work for plate earthing is difficult
Procedure for filling up New Earthing Pit
• Step A :
• Excavate the earthing pit size 2000 X 2000 X
2500 mm depth. Sprinkle sufficient quantity of
water in the bottom and surrounding walls to
become wetty only.
• Fill up the bottom layer of the pit up to 250
mm height from the bottom by mixture black
soft soil + salt + wooden charcoal pieces. (Fig.
I)
• Step B :
• Prepare the electrode assembly as per Sr. No. - 3
of the drawing and rest the entire Assembly in
the pit as shown in (Fig. II)
 Procedure for filling up New
• Step C :
Earthing Pit
• Collect thin C.R.C. sheet approx 18 to 20 SWG having size 500
mm width 3.5 meter length approx. (Please make joints of three to
four pieces to achieve requirement of 3.5 meter length (Fig. III-a)
• Prepare the Cylindrical Ring from the above sheet by bending both
ends & joining each other. The diameter "D" of the cylindrical ring
shall arrive approx. 1000 mm and height shall be 500 mm. Collect two
pieces of scrap G.I. wire of approx. 8- SWG and prepare two lifting
round handles (Hooks) on upper side of the cylindrical ring to
facilitate the lifting of the Cylindrical Ring. (Fig. III-b)
• Now wear this cylindrical ring to the electrode pipe of the electrode
assembly such a way that the electrode pipe remains in the centre of
the cylindrical ring. (Fig III-c)
 Procedure for filling up New
Earthing Pit
• Step D :
• Fill up the inner part of the Cylindrical Ring with
Mixture - I ( Homogeneous mixture of Black Soft
Soil.
• The remaining part i.e. the Gap between walls of the
pit and outer periphery of the Cylindrical Ring by
Mixture - II. After completing filling work of both
the mixtures up to 500 mm height, proper ramming
and watering is to be done. (Fig. IV)
Procedure for filling up New Earthing Pit
• Step E :
• There after lift the Cylindrical ring
by help of two lifting handles
(hooks) and again rest it on the
layer for carrying out filling of 2nd
layer cycle. Again fill up the inner
cylindrical part of the ring by
Mixture - I and outer gap between
walls of the pit & outer Cylindrical
periphery by Mixture - II up to
height of the Cylinder (i.e. 500
mm) (Fig. V)
Procedure for filling up New
Earthing Pit
• Step E :
• There after lift the Cylindrical ring by help of two
lifting handles (hooks) and again rest it on the layer
for carrying out filling of 2nd layer cycle. Again fill
up the inner cylindrical part of the ring by Mixture - I
and outer gap between walls of the pit & outer
Cylindrical periphery by Mixture - II up to height of
the Cylinder (i.e. 500 mm) (Fig. V)
Procedure for filling up New
Earthing Pit
• Step F :
• Lift the cylindrical ring by lifting handles (hooks) after
proper ramming and watering. Now again place the
cylindrical ring on upper layer and arrange 3rd cycle,
subsequently complete the filling of entire pit. Please see that
water content is minimum 20 %
• Fill up upper layer of the pit by crushed rock pieces (Gravel)
size 50 X 35 mm. 1 CMT. approx. to provide insulating
layer to person moving side by the pit, and to prevent reptile
movements subsequently causing hazards.
Standard Pipe & Plate Type Earthing Design for the
11 Kv. System Equipments, Distribution Transformer
Centers, L.T. Distribution System Equipments

• Design Details :
1. Earthing Pit : Size 1000 X 1000 X 1800 mm
Depth.M.S. / C.I. Plate : 500 X 500 X 8 mm
Thick.
2. Electrode Assembly : 40 mm Ø GI / CI
Perforated pipe duly fitted or welded with base
plate and 50 X 6 mm flat termination taken on
top for equipment earthing as shown in drawing.
Standard Pipe & Plate Type Earthing Design for the 11
Kv. System Equipments, Distribution Transformer
Centers, L.T. Distribution System Equipments
4. Mixture - I : Homogeneous mixture of black
soft soil 0.3 CMT. approx.
5. Mixture - II : Homogeneous mixture of
common salt 25 Kgs. + wood charcoal pieces
25 Kgs. + Black soft soil 1 CMT. Approx.
6. Crushed Rock pieces Gravel Size 50 X 35 mm
0.1 CMT. Approx.
7. Arrangement for earthing lead terminations
from equipment body, and connection for
main earthing Grid.
 Typical arrangement for Pipe
electrode earthing pit (Bore Type)
• Design Details :
1. 75 mm thick RCC Cover.
2. 300 mm Ø 6000 mm deep (Approx. 20 ft.)
bore in the earth.
3. 65 mm Ø 6000 mm long (Approx 20 ft.) G.I.
pipe electrode. Forged at the top up to 75 mm
length and 12 mm hole provided for taking
earthing connection.
4. A homogeneous mixture of 50 kgs. wooden
coal pieces + 50 kgs. common salt
5. Water pouring purpose at the time of routine
maintenance
 Applications
• Telecommunication
• Transmission
• Substations & Power Generations
• Transformer Neutral earthing
• Lightning Arrestor Earthing
• Equipment Body Earthing
• Water Treatment Plants
• Heavy Industries
• College, Hospitals, Banks
• Residential Building
 Distribution Circuits
• In most of the buildings electricity supply is divided into two types of sub
• circuit: Lighting Load sub-circuit and power load Sub Circuit and
• finally for operation purpose into three phases circuit-lighting, socket
outlets and fixed apparatus.
• The sub circuit which gives supply to lighting load points is called lighting
• load sub circuit. This circuit includes lamps, fans, tubes etc. As per Indian
Electricity Rules. The following rating should be assumed
• Filament lamp 60 W
• Ceiling fan 60 W
• Socket for radio, table fan 60
W
• Flurecent tube 40
W
• Mercury Vapour lamp 80
Basic wiring Systems

• Wiring in buildings is run either on the surface or canceled in the

construction. Surface wiring is cheaper but its appearance limits its
use. The type of wiring system available for use in buildings are
sheated and conduit. Two or more wires consisting of metal
conductors each having its own inuation is enclosed in a protective
sheath known as TRSC tough rubber sheated.
• Use of PVC for insulation and sheating is preferred as it gives
smoother and neater cables. This type of wire are well suited to
surface use. For use in concealed wiring, conduit or metal channels
should provide to protect wiring.
Basic Wiring Systems
Basic wiring Systems

• Types of wiring
• There is wide choice of wiring; however one must keep in mind the safety
of men & material. The various types of wiring used are discussed below
• Cleat Wiring
• In this system of wiring, V.I.R or PVC Insulated wires are held to the walls
and ceiling by means of porcelain cleats which are fixed at distance of 0.5
m horizontally and 0.75 m vertically above the walls The cleat are made on
two halves, one is known as base and the other is known as cap. The
wirings are drawn in groves and finally tightened. This wiring is cheapest
and require little skill and can be quickly installed.
Cleat Wiring
Basic wiring Systems

• Wooden Casing , Capping Wire

• In this type of wiring, the casing is fitted on the walls and ceilings on
the wooden gutties which are fixed The size of casing and capping
generally used is 20 mm x 12 mm for house wiring. This type of
wiring is generally used for house wiring. It is cheaper as compared to
lead sheated and conduit wiring, easy to Install.
Basic wiring Systems
 Basic wiring Systems
• Lead Casing Wire
• In this system of wiring, the wiring procedure is same except the wire
used in VIR covered with an outer sheath made of lead-aluminum
alloy It is used in houses and industrial wiring. It has good mechanical
protection and possibility of fire is less.
Basic wiring Systems

• C.T.S & T.R.S or PVC wire

• In this system of wiring first of all teaks wood is fitted on the walls
and ceiling. The battern is tightened by drawing wooden screws in the
gutties fitted in the wall an ceiling. PVC or CTS wire run on the
battern and finally grappled by the joint clip. This type of wiring is
suitable for domestic installations, commercial & Industrial buildings
except where it is liable to mechanical injury.
C.T.S & T.R.S or PVC wire
Basic wiring Systems
• Conduit Wiring
• In this type of wiring system VIR or PVC are carried through steel or
PVC tubes as conduit in case of surface conduit wiring, the conduit is
fitted on the surface of the walls by means of saddles and in case of
concealed conduit wiring the conduit to facilitate the drawing of wires
 Ducts for Electrical Distribution
• In addition to the wiring systems there are a number of ducts available specially designed
to contain electric cables in particular building stations
• Duct tube: It consists of an inflatable rubber tube, which is placed, in concrete formwork
before pouring concrete. After the concrete has set the duct tube is deflated, withdrawn
from concrete, leaving a duct for electric wiring, or other purpose.
• Skirting trunking: It is very usual to run cable trunking in or above the skirting round
the perimeter walls. This systems is mostly employed in office buildings.
• Floor Trunking: System is employed in large offices where desks are placed remote from
walls. Useful where there are comparatively few points, the positions of which are known,
and where flexibility for future re-planning must be achieved.
• Overhead distribution
• Overhead distribution systems are clearly more economical and more flexible than under
floor ones. They are mainly used in industrial units when pendants connection
to
apparatus is not considered unsightly.
Ducts for Electrical Distribution
Ducts for Electrical Distribution
 Conductor
• Cables
• A cable is a length of single conductor, usually having several
wires stranded to-gather, or of two or more conductors, each provide
with its own insulation and laid up to-gather. The insulated
conductor
(s) may or may not be provided with an overall protective covering.
The conductor with its insulation but without mechanical protection is
called core of the cable. Thus a, cable consists of three parts:
Conductor, Insulation and External Protection
Conductor
 Insulations
• On the basis of of insulations, the cables maybe classified as follows:
(i)Paper Insulated cables. In these cables paper is wound on the
conductor in successive layer to archive required dielectric strength.
Such cables are manufactured in various sizes from 5 mm2 to 500
mm2 cross-section conductors and voltage rating sup to 33 kv
• (ii)PVC cables
• (iii) Oil filled insulated cables
• (iv)High Pressure of filled cables
• (v) Compressed gas insulated cables
• (vi) Vulcanized cable
Insulations
 External Protection
• Against mechanical damage or electrochemical attack, fire or any other
deterious influences external to the cables can be minimized. If certain
points are taken in account
• Abrupt bending in cables is not desirable; the bending radius ranges from
12 to 30, times the diameter..
• Cables should be at least 1 m away from the foundation of the buildings.
• Cables should be at least 0.5 m away from the communication cables
• Whenever a cable crosses a road or railway line, it should be laid in pipes or
conduits.
External Protection
 Electrical appliances
• There are many ways in which electricity can be used to save labour in
the home. A vast number of appliances are designed to run on the
ordinary domestic supply. The three basic application of electricity are
– the production of heat, light and power and in many devices they are
used in combination. Electronic appliances such as radio and
television sets, and record players constitute a fourth class and
telephone a fifth.
• All the electrical appliances requiring a current of more than 5 A
should be fitted with an earth or ground wire to safe guard the
user against shocks from leakages of current. Their supply cables
thus carry three-pin plugs, and in the best type of socket no current can
flow until the earth-pin can be made its contact.
Electrical Appliances
 Electrical appliances
• There are four main ways in which electricity can be converted
into light
• Itcan flow through a wire, so that it glows(lamps), modern
filament
lamps use coil of tungsten wire which gives a much whiter light
than
carbon, and the bulb contains nitrogen and argon. Most household bulbs are
25 to 150 watt of electric power, but some large tungsten lamps used
in search lights an in television studios use as much as 30 kw.
• Discharge lamps are long tubes containing a gas or vapour.
When
electricity passes through a pure gas at low pressure, energy is transferred to
the gas atoms, causing them to emit radiations. The wavelength of
this
radiation, which determines color, depends on the gas e.g., sodium
vapor
and neon emit visible radiation. Sodium produces an efficient yellow light,
Electrical appliances
 Electrical appliances
• Fluorescent lamps

• Works by the conduction of electricity through mercury vapor. This causes

the
emission of ultra-violet radiation. The inside of the tube is coated with
a
fluorescent powder, or phosphor. This glows with a visible light when it is struck
by invisible ultra-violet rays. The light is usually white, but it can be colored by
adjusting composition of the phosphor. Sometimes, instead of tubes, flat panels of
glass may be used as light sources. Some phosphors, such as zinc sulphide, emits
light when a voltage is applied across them. This is known as
electro luminescence..
• A carbon lamp consists basically of two carbon rods connected to an electricity
supply. An electric arc is maintained between the rods and a very intense light is
produced in this way from a compact source, such lamps are used in
motion
picture projectors.
Electrical appliances
 Electric Installations
• Electric Installations
• Electric Installations require necessary design, planning taking into consideration
the whole requirement of the activities to be carried out in the building.
The
following steps are suggested for the same..
• Planning & Designing
• Layout of working drawings
• Application to electric supply company for granting estimated low supply
and
requirement of sub-stations/ transformers
• Laying conduit for underground supply lines before concreting and completing the
plinth work.
• Laying conduits in slabs and beam reinforcement, fixing of fan hooks/ boxes in
slabs reinforcement for main supply to consumer units/ rooms
 Electric Installations
• Physical marking of layout of wiring in all units/ rooms.
• Providing & laying complete wiring
• Fixing all fittings and fixtures and complete electrical installations
• Testing of Installations
• Providing consumer meters.
• Submission of test reports to electric supply company for supply connection
after obtaining NOC from PWD in cases of building exceeds 15m height.
• Checking of electrical installation by authorized officer of electrical supply
company before passing & sealing of meters.
• Permanent electric supply connection to buildings and consumer thereof.
 Electric Installations
• Design & Planning
• The design and planning of an electrical Installation is governed
by the type of user of the building and requirement of the
consumer thereof. Therefore it is essential to consult competent
electrical engineer/ licensed electrical contractor at the planning
stage for providing and planning electrical installations, which should
be safe and efficient in its use and adequate for its intended purpose.
For designing layout of electrical installations for specific
requirement of power use it is essential at planning stage that the
architect in consultation with structural engineer, electrical
engineer and owner/developer to decide about following
Electric Installations
 Electric Installations
• Needed accommodation for making provision of sub-station,
meter
room, switch room, services cable duct, rising mains and
cables,
opening and chases required in floors and walls for intending electrical
installations.
• Total load requirement i.e. lights, fans, power etc.
• Anticipated future increase in power consumption. Requirement
of
electric supply company including location and distance of main
supply connection point.
• Layout of wiring installation, whether open conduit or concealed
• After collecting necessary information and suggestions from
other
consultants the architect should prepare detailed working drawing
Electric Installations
 Execution
• The execution of entire electrical Installation should be carried out
under the guidance and supervision of competent electrical
engineer/through licensed electrical contractor; in accordance to the
design and specification provided in the tender and strictly as per rules
and regulations of electrical supply.
• The electrical contractor should decide his sequence of work in
consultation with the architect in such a manner that it will not
affect/conflict with working of other agencies and it will allow other
service agencies to work smoothly and simultaneously without any
interruption.
 Execution
• The electrical contractor should get approval for all materials
including fitting and fixtures to be used from the architect before
commencement of work.
• The contractor should arrange temporary electrical supply for
construction purpose; before proper work is commenced.
• At the end of work the electrical contractor should check and test
the entire electrical installation work and get it approved from the
electrical supply company.
• The electrical contractor should submit his test report and
completion certificate in required forms for consumer meter and
permanent electric supply connections to the buildings.
Execution
 Execution
• Electric Services for Multi-storied Buildings
• The electrical distribution cables wiring should be laid in a separate duct. The duct should be
sealed at every alternate floor with non-combustible materials having the same fire resistance as
that of the duct.
• Water mains, telephone lines, intercom lines, gas pipe lines should be laid in the duct of cables
• Separate circuits for water pumps, lifts, staircase and corridor lighting and blower for
the pressurize system should be provided from the main switch gear panel.
• The inspection panel doors and any other openings in the shaft should be provided with air
tight
fire doors having a fire resistance of not less than two hours.
• Medium and low voltage wiring running in shafts, and within a false ceilings, should run in
metal conduits.
• An independent and well ventilated service room should be provided on the ground floor.
• PVC cables should have an additional sheathing or protection provided by compound sprayed
on
after installation
 Staircase & Corridor lighting
• The following provisions have been under the
recommended development control regulations.
• The staircase and corridor lighting should be on separate circuit and
should be independently connected so that they could be operated by
one switch installations.
• Stair case and corridor lighting should also be connected to alternate
supply as defined in sub regulation.
• Emergency lights should be provided in the staircase/Corridor for
multi-storied special buildings.
Staircase & Corridor lighting
 Alternate Source of Electric Supply
• A stand-by electric generator should be installed to supply power
to staircase and corridor lighting circuits, fire lifts, the standby fire
pumps, smoke extraction & damper systems in case of failure of
normal electric supply.
• The generator should be capable of taking starting current offal
machines and circuit s stated above simultaneously. If the stand-by
pump is driven by diesel engine. The generator supply need not to
be connected to the standby pump.
Alternate Source of Electric Supply
 Distribution board
• A distribution board (also known as panel-board or
breaker panel) is a component of an electricity supply
system which divides an electrical power feed into
subsidiary circuits, while providing a protective fuse
or circuit breaker for each circuit in a common
enclosure.
Distribution Board
 Transformers
• A transformer can accept energy at one
voltage and deliver it at another voltage. This
permits electrical energy to be generated at
relatively low voltages and transmitted at high
voltages and low currents, thus reducing line
losses and voltage drop
Transformers
 Location of Transformer
• Location of the transformer is very important as far as
distribution loss is concerned. Transformer receives HT
voltage from the grid and steps it down to the required
voltage.
• Transformers should be placed close to the load centre,
considering other features like optimization needs for
centralized control, operational flexibility etc. This will
bring down the distribution loss in cables.
 Types of Transformers

• Transformers are classified as two categories: power

transformers and distribution transformers.
• Power transformers are used in transmission network of
higher voltages, deployed for step-up and step down
transformer application (400 kV, 200 kV, 110 kV, 66 kV,
33kV)
• Distribution transformers are used for lower voltage
distribution networks as a means to end user connectivity.
(11kV, 6.6 kV,3.3 kV, 440V, 230V)
 Sub-Station
Substation is a part of an electrical generation,
transmission, and distribution system, where voltage is
transformed from high to low, or low to high, or many other
important functions.
Electric power may flow through several substations between generating
plant and consumer, and may be changed in voltage in several
steps.

Mainly Sub-station is defined as “The assembly of

apparatus used to same some characteristics (e.g. Voltage, AC to
DC, P.F. , Frequency etc.) of electric supply is called
Substation.”
 Sub-station Layout

A:Primary power lines' side B: Secondary power lines' side

1.Primary power 7.Current transformer
lines 2.Ground wire 8.Lightning arrester
3.Overhead lines 9.Main transformer
4.Transformer for of electric 10.Control building
measurement 11.Security fence
voltage 12.Secondary power lines
5.Disconnect switch
6.Circuit breaker
7.Current transformer
 The Electric Act 2003
• The electricity act 2003, seeks to bring about a qualitative
transformation of the electricity sector through a new paradigm.
The act seeks to create liberal framework of development for the
power sector by distancing government from regulations.
• The objectives of the act are to consolidate the laws relating to
generation, distribution trading and use of electricity and generally
for taking measures conductive to development of electricity to all
areas, nationalization of electricity tariff, ensuring transparent
policies regarding subsidies, promotion of efficient and
environmentally benign policies, constitution of Central Electricity
Authority, Regulatory Commissions and established of Appeallate
Tribunal and for matter connected thereafter or incidental thereto”.
 The Electric Act 2003
• The salient features of this act
• The central Govt to prepare a National Electricity Policy in Consultation with State
• Govt.+
• Thrust to complete the rural electrification and provide for management of rural
• distribution by Panchayats, Cooperative Societies, non-government organizations,
franchises etc.
• Provision for license free generation and distribution in the rural areas.
• Provision for private licenses in transmission and entry in distribution through an
independent network.
• The state Electricity Regulatory Commission is a mandatory requirement.
• Metering of all electricity supplied made mandatory.
• Provisions relating to theft of electricity made more stringent.
• Provisions safeguarding consumer interests.
 References
Building Services: S.M. Patil
Internet Websites
Electrical Switchboard wiring
 House Wiring
•
(Single
Single phase supply
Phase)
consists of one phase wire called hot wire and one neutral
wire connectedin Energy meter by PSPCL as input supply 220V.
• The output 220V supply is taken from Energy meter to MCB distribution box.
• ELCB, DP MCB / Isolator are used as main control.
• Number of SP-MCBs are installed in MCB Box to provide phase to individual switch
board of rooms etc. in a house.
• Neutral wire from MCB Box neutral link is connected to each switch board socket and
other loads.
• Switches are installed on switch board of each room to operate its respective load i.e.
fan, light and TV, fridge, press, washing machine etc. through sockets.
• Any load (single phase) when connected with 220 V supply duly controlled by switch is
called a circuit.
House Wiring (Single Phase)
Wiring Diagram
 General Items required as
per load
• PVC wires: Generally 4.0 mm2, 2.5 mm2, 1.5 mm2, 1.0 mm2, 0.75
• MCB distribution Board: 6 Way, 8W, 10W, 12W, 16W
• MCB’s: 6 AMP,10A, 16A, 20A, 25A, 32A, (SP/SPN)
• RCCB or ELCB: 16A, 25A, 32A
• Switches: 6Amp, 16 Amp, 20 Amp
• Sockets: 5 Pin 6 Amp, 6 Pin-16Amp, 20A, 25A, 32A
• Bell Switch: 6Amp
• 2-Way Switch: 6 Amp
• Various loads in rooms
• DP Isolator, etc.
 Functions of different items used in
house wiring
• Energy meter: The meter is installed by PSPCL to charge electricity
being consumed by consumer. The unit rate is fixed by Govt., units
are consumed by consumer as per their load / requirements and
has to pay to Govt.
 Ceiling fans – (5Nos. x 100W each) x 8 hrs.
• 1 Unit = 1000 Watt x 1 hr. OR 1 kwh= 4000 Wh
 Geyser - (1 No. x 1500 W) x 1 hr. = 1500 Wh
 if Tube
• E.g. Lights –the
we operate (10following
Nos. x 40per
W day
each) x 8 hrs. = 3200 Wh
 Total = 8700 Wh
OR 8.7 kwh OR 8.7 units
• Say Unit Rate is Rs.10/-
Per day Expense: (8.7 units x Rs.10/-) = Rs.87.00
Monthly Expense: (Rs.80.70 x 30 days) =
Rs.2610/
Residual Current Circuit Breaker
(RCCB)/ Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker
(ELCB)
• Residual Current Circuit Breaker (RCCB) is a device which
provides protection in an electric circuit in case of overload,
short circuit and earth fault. Usually, it is to be used as a main in
the MCB distribution board.
• Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB) is a protection device and
used for protection of electric circuit and humans from electric
shock. e.g. when any item / equipment body comes in contact
with hot line or due to any insulation failure.
• There is a coil, bimetal and hammer arrangement inside this
device, which operates at its designed value without
interrupting the circuit under normal condition.
• When some fault arises, the circuit becomes abnormal and more
current passes through the coils, bimetal strips etc. The nature of
bimetal is to expand when it gets hot. So when, more current from the
designed valve passes through it, it expands and operates hammer due
to which the matched contacts get stuck to each other. Thus, the circuit
is opened which provides protection to circuit / human, etc.
• It is important to note that ‘Earthing’ must done in house wiring and
wiring should be of good quality to protect humans from electric shock.
• Deaths due to shock from electrical appliances like, cooler, press,
washing machine and other apparatus being used in normal life has
been observed many times. To prevent this wiring should be of good
quality and high standard.
 Double Pole (DP) or Single Pole and
Neutral Miniature Circuit Board (SPN
• MCB)
DP MCB can be used for 2-Phase supply or One pole for phase and other
pole for natural
• DP/SPN MCB can be used for phase and neutral.
• DP/SPN MCB can be used as main switch in MCB Distribution Board.
• Actually MCB is a modern device and has replaced the use of fuse in
electric circuit due to more safety.MCB and fuse are protection devices.
• There were limitations and lack of knowledge to select the proper size
fuse wire to meet the required protections while replacing burnt fuse
wire. MCBs have overcome this limitation and there is no need to put any
fuse wire because MCB trips (off) when there is any short circuit / over
loading in the circuit.
• It does not restart (get ON ) until fault is removed, thus protecting circuit.
• One should be careful to select proper rating of devices used in the CKT to
achieve protection in electric circuit.
• Single Pole(SP) MCBs have the same role, it is used for single phase supply.
 DP Isolator
• It looks like a DP-MCB and is commonly used as a main switch in
a house MCB D Box.
• As its name is isolator, it can switch ON & OFF load just like
ordinary switches do.
• There is no tripping arrangement in this device, so no protection
can be achieved from this.
• Being much cheaper from DP MCB, it is commonly used as a
main switch of house, as independent MCB’s(SP) are always
available roomwise / loadwise in the MCB Box.
• DP Isolator is available in the rating 16A, 20A, 25A,32 A and 63
Amp.
• A proper selection of DP Isolator is required to meet the load
requirement.
 Single line diagram for circuits
•
(Single Phase)
In series wiring, switch is in series with phase and load is always
connected in parallel so that phase is given to any load through
switch and neutral is connected to its N-point.
• When switch is pressed, phase will reach to load and thus it works.
This is the way to connect loads in houses / industries, etc.
• If loads are connected in series in house, total voltage V will be
divided in connected loads as per their wattage and current will
flow as per maximum wattage of load from the connected loads
and so less wattage loads may burnt.
• Voltage should be remain same i.e. 220 volt for all loads to work
properly as all single phase lamps, tubes, fridge, iron, geyser, etc.
are always rated at 220 volt.
• In parallel wiring, we can switch ON/OFF any load as per our
requirement.
 Earthing
• Earthing is very important and compulsory work required to done during
house wiring. It is very useful to protect the human from electric shock.
Procedure
• Digging should be done up to the level of observing wet clay.
• Lay G.I. Pipe or copper plate / copper strip deep in to the ground up to
floor level. Fill bore with salt, charcoal, kalmi shora etc. and pour water.
This will maintain moisture for long duration.
• A funnel / or pipe mouth may be used for filling water periodically.
• Pit should be connected with MCB Box using copper earth wire / G.I.wire .
• From MCB Box, earth wire should be laid upto all switch boxes, fan boxes,
metal boxes, all power sockets, etc.
• During any current leakage, phase contact with any metal box/ apparatus
etc, ELCB in MCB Box will sense and will trip the main supply. ELCB can trip
at 30 mA to 100 mA current.
• Supply cannot be switched on unless fault is removed.
•
Calculation of Current and Selection of Items
All electrical/electronic appliances needs to display voltage and current rating compulsory e.g
Voltage: 220 V, Power: 9Watt/15W/40W/100W/250W/1500W/2500W, Frequency: 50HZ,
Rated Current-In: as per load, Manufacturer name / Trade mark: ISI mark with CM/L No., Power
Factor:
0.8 or 0.9, Made in India.
• The selection of wires, switches, MCB’s, Main MCB, plug tops etc. depends upon the current to be
drawn
Power by load. : E.g. 1500W (AC load)
Voltage : 220 Volt
Current : = 1500 = 8.5
Ampere
Power
• Use of items for AC loadVoltage
basedx P.F. 220isxas
upon its current 0.8under:
o Switch : 16A - 220V
o Socket : 16A – 220V
o Plug Top : 16A – 220V
o MCB/SPN : 16A – 220V
o PVC wires : 2.5 mm2
Contd.
 Calculation of Current and
•
Selection of Items
Load used in the houses are as under:
o LED Lamps : 0.2W to 40 W are available for houses
o Fans : 50 W to 100W
o Geyser : 1500 W to 3000 W
o AC’s : 1500 W to 2500 W
o Press : 200 W to 300
o Fridge : 190 W to 300 W
Sequence to be carried out for estimate.

 Drawing the installation plan.

 Calculation 0f total load in Amp.
 Selection and rating of main switch & sub main switchSelection &
rating of main distribution board .
 Calculation for the length of conduit pipe.
 Calculation for the length of phase and neutral wire.
 Calculation for the length of earth wire.
 Preparing the material table.
CALCULATION OF LOAD

Tube point - 1x40 = 40 watt

Lamp point – 1x100 = 100 watt
Fan point x 60 = 60 watt
5 amp socket – 1x100= 100 watt
Total load in amperes = 300/230 = 1.3 A
Selection of main switch – Here a D.P.I.C Main switch of 5 Amp Rating
250 volt grade is selected.
• ASSUME Total height from floor to ceiling = 3.5 mt.
• Height of horizontal run from floor = 3.0 mt.
• Height of switch board from floor = 1.5 mt.
• Light and tube points from ceiling = 0.5 mt.
• HR = Horizontal run i.e conduit running parallel to floor half
metre below ceiling.
• VR= Vertical run i.e wires or conduit running between switch
board and HR.
CALCULATION FOR LENGTH OF CONDUIT PIPE OF 20mm diameter

• From SB to HR = 1.5 mt.

• From entry of circuit into room i.e along H.R upto middleof
room = = 2.5 mt.
• From H.R to Lamp point = 0.5(Rise) (drop)= 5.0 mt.
• From fan to tube point = (drop) = 3.0 mt.
• Total length of conduit pipe = 12mts.
• Taking 10% wastage = 1.2 mt.
• Total length of conduit pipe required for wiring the room=
13.2 mt. say 13.0 mt.
CALCULATIONS FOR LENGTH OF PHASE WIRE

• From point of entry of circuit into room upto SB = 2.0(H.R)

+1.5 (H.R) = 3.5 mt.
• From SB upto fan = 1.5(V.R) + 0.5(H.R) + 0.5(rise) along ceiling
upto fan = 4.5 mt.
• From SB to lamp = 4.5 mt (upto fan) (drop)= 7.0 mt.
• From SB to tube point = 4.5 upto fan upto ceiling (drop) = 7.5
mt.
• Total length of phase wire = 22.5 mts.
CALCULATION FOR LENGTH OF NEUTRAL WIRE

• From point of entry of circuit into room upto switch board=

2.0 along H.R + 1.5(V.R) = 3.5 mt.
• From SB to fan = (rise) along ceiling= 4.5 mt.
• From fan to lamp point = 2.0(along ceiling) + 0.5(drop)= 2.5
mt.
• From fan to tube point = (upto tube point)= 3.0 mt.
• Total length of neutral wire = 13.5 mts.
TOTAL LENGTH OF WIRE Total length of wire required for wiring the
room

• (phase + neutral) = 22.5 mt mt. = 36 mts.

• Allowing 15% extra for wastage and connections= 5.4 mt
• Total wire required for wiring the room = = 41.4 mts. say 41
mts.
CALCULATION FOR LENGTH OF EARTH WIRE

• The earth terminal of the socket outlet is solidly connected

to the switch board with a 14 SWG, earth wire through an
earthing thimble.
• Earth wire of 14 SWG (Say 0.25 mt) will serve the purpose.
LIST OF MATERIALS

• Conduit pipe 20mm dia. Qty -13 mt.

• PVC insulated, aluminium conductor, single core 250 volt grade of size 1.5mm^2 or
1/1.40 mm dia. Qty- 41mt.
• Earth wire 14 S.W.G GI. Qty mt.
• Iron clad, concealed type, switch boards, with bakelite sheets 20cm x 25cm. Qty – 1 No.
• Conduit pipe accessories for 20mm dia conduit
• 1 way junction box. Qty - 2 Nos.
• 2 way junction box. Qty – 1 No.
• 3 way junction box. Qty – 2 Nos.
• Conduit bends. Qty – 3 Nos.
• Conduit nuts hexagonal to fix conduit with SB . Qty – 8
• Nos.Conduit sockets to connect two pieces of conduit. Qty – 8Nos.
LIST OF MATERIALS

• Switch, 5 amp rating. Qty – 4 Nos.

• Socket , 5 amp rating . Qty – 1 No.
• Ceiling roses, 2 – plate, bakelte. Qty – 2 Nos.
• Junction box covers. Qty – 2 N0s.
• Lamp brass bracket with holder. Qty – 1 No.
• Earthing thimbles. Qty – 1 No.
• Hexagonal headed bolt and nut 6 mm dia. 25mm long for fixing earthing thimbles
with switch boardQty- 1 No.
• Labour per point for 4 points
• Miscellaneous 10% of total cost.(including supervision charges)
• Apply the suitable rates for the materials and the calculate the -Total cost of wiring
Rs________