Chapter 4
Chapter 4
Sampling
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Sampling
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Sampling…..
Sampling is the process of selecting a representative sample
from populations.
It Selecting cases (elements)—or locating people (or other units of analysis)
—from a target population in order to study the population.
sampling
Sample
Inference
Population
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Cont’d
The process of obtaining information from a subset (sample) of a larger
group (population)
The results for the sample are then used to make estimates of the larger
group
Faster and cheaper than asking the entire population
Two keys
1. Selecting the right people
Have to be selected scientifically so that they are representative of the population
2. Selecting the right number of the right people
To minimize sampling errors I.e. choosing the wrong people by chance
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Basic Terms
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Hierarchy of sampling
Study subjects
The actual participants in the study
Sample
Subjects who are selected
Sampling Frame
The list of potential subjects from which the sample is drawn
Source population
e Population from whom the study subjects would be obtain
Target population
The population to whom the results would be applied
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Errors in statistical Study
Sampling or Random
Errors
Non-sampling or
systematic
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1. Sampling error
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Sampling error cont’d…
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2. Non Sampling Error
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Non-sampling Error……
o The basic types of non-sampling error
Non-response error
Response or data error
o A non-response error occurs when units selected as part of the
sampling procedure do not respond in whole or in part
If non-respondents are not different from those that did
respond, there is no non-response error
When non-respondents constitute a significant proportion of
the sample (about 15% or more
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Non-sampling Error…….
o A response or data error is any systematic bias
that occurs during data collection, analysis or
interpretation
Respondent error (e.g., lying, forgetting, etc.)
Interviewer bias
Recording errors
Poorly designed questionnaires
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Types of Sampling Methods
Sampling Method
Convenience
Multistage Random
Sampling
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Probability Sampling Method cont’d …
In probability sampling
A sampling frame exists or can be compiled.
should have an equal or at least a known or nonzero chance
of being included in the sample.
Generalization is possible (from sample to population)
Simple Random Sampling,
Systematic Sampling,
Stratified Random Sampling,
Cluster Sampling
Multistage Sampling.
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1. Simple Random Sampling(SRS)
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Simple Random Sampling cont’d …
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Simple Random Sampling cont’d …
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2. Systematic Random Sampling
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Steps in systematic sampling:
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E.g. systematic sampling
• N = 1200, and n = 60
sampling fraction = 1200/60 = 20
• List persons from 1 to 1200
• Randomly select a number between 1 and 20
(e.g. 8)
• 1st person selected = the 8th on the list
• 2nd person = 8 + 20 = 28th list e.t.c.
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Though the frame available, the population may
not be homogeneous, so what?
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3. Stratified Random Sampling
So, you divide your sample into male and female members and
randomly select the required sample size within each subgroup
(or "stratum")
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Steps involve in stratified sampling method:
Define the population
Determine the desired sample size
Identify the variable and subgroups (strata) for which you want to guarantee
appropriate representation (either proportional or equal)
Then the total sample size will be the sum of all samples from each subgroup.
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The higher the population in the subgroup, the higher the
sample size will be.
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4. Cluster Random Sampling
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Steps in cluster sampling are:
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Consider the following graphical display:
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5. Multistage Random Sampling
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Non-Probability Sampling Method
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Cont’d……….
Advantages
Cheaper and faster than probability
Reasonably representative if collected in a thorough manner
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1. Judgment Sampling/ Purposive sampling
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2. Convenience Sampling
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3. Quota sampling
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4. Snowball sampling
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Sample Size Determination
The answer will depend on the aims, nature and scope of the
study and on the expected result. All of which should be
carefully considered at the planning stage.
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Sample……
o If sample (“n”) is
Large
Increase accuracy
Costy / complex
Take
Optimum
Small sample
o Decrease accuracy
o Less costy
How ?
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o Sample size determination depending on outcome variables.
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The third category covers continuous response variables
such as birth weight, age at first marriage, blood
pressure and cerium uric acid level, for which
numerical measurement are usually made.
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