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Linear Algebra

This document outlines the topics to be covered in a semester 2 course on linear algebra, including systems of linear equations, matrices, Gaussian elimination, and homogeneous systems. Key concepts that will be covered are linear systems and their graphical representations, the matrix formulation of linear systems, methods for solving systems using elementary row operations including Gaussian elimination and Gauss-Jordan elimination, and theorems regarding the solution sets of homogeneous systems. Stability and round-off errors in numerical solutions will also be addressed.

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Denver G. Magtibay
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147 views20 pages

Linear Algebra

This document outlines the topics to be covered in a semester 2 course on linear algebra, including systems of linear equations, matrices, Gaussian elimination, and homogeneous systems. Key concepts that will be covered are linear systems and their graphical representations, the matrix formulation of linear systems, methods for solving systems using elementary row operations including Gaussian elimination and Gauss-Jordan elimination, and theorems regarding the solution sets of homogeneous systems. Stability and round-off errors in numerical solutions will also be addressed.

Uploaded by

Denver G. Magtibay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Bachelor of Data Science

(Year 1)
Linear Algebra
Semester -2

MATHEMATICS (103)

Linear Algebra-2 BDA SEM 2 Prof.A Choudhury 1 04/19/2023


Session 1,2
Systems of Linear Equations and Matrices
Introduction to Systems of Linear Equations
Gaussian Elimination

Linear Algebra-2 BDA SEM 2 2 04/19/2023


Sections
O Linear Equation in one and many variables
O Solution set
O Linear Systems
O Graphs of linear systems in one ,two and three
variables
O Matrix representation-augmented matrix
O Consistent and Inconsistent systems of linear
equations
O Homogeneous system of linear equations
Linear Algebra-2 BDA SEM 2 04/19/2023 3
Linear systems(1)

Linear Algebra-2 BDA SEM 2 04/19/2023 4


Linear systems (2)

Which of these figures represent (i) no


solution,(ii) infinitely many solutions
(e) and iii) unique solution?

Linear Algebra-2 BDA SEM 2 04/19/2023 5


Augmented matrix
2x1+3x2=4 Augmented matrix
7x1+6x2=9 [A b]

A= =

Write the augmented


matrix :
b= x - y + z =9
y–x =8
2x + z = 10

Linear Algebra-2 BDA SEM 2 04/19/2023 7


Gaussian elimination
Example: Three dozens oranges and a dozen
bananas cost $9 while a dozen oranges and a
dozen bananas cost $8.What is the price of a
dozen oranges and a dozen banana?
O Step 1:Formulation of the problem:

O Step 2:= (Matrix form)


O Step 3:

Linear Algebra-2 BDA SEM 2 04/19/2023 8


Gaussian elimination
Step 4:Forward elimination:
[A b] = R2-(1/3)R1
Ax=b Ux=c

Step 5: Backward substitution:


Solving the equation(2) we get, .Substituting in (1), we get

Hence,(0.5,7.5) is the solution of the system of linear


equations in x and y.

Linear Algebra-2 BDA SEM 2 04/19/2023 9


Elementary row operations
O The basic method for solving a system of linear equations
is to replace the given system by a new system that has
the same solution set but is easier to solve. This new
system is generally obtained in a series of steps by
applying the following three types of operations to
eliminate unknowns systematically:
O Multiply an equation through by a nonzero constant.
O Interchange two equations.
O Add a multiple of one equation to another.
Apply elementary row operations on the augmented
matrix of
Linear Algebra-2 BDA SEM 2 04/19/2023 10
Row echelon form of a matrix
Reduced row echelon form R
Row echelon form

Reduced row echelon form R

Linear Algebra-2 BDA SEM 2 04/19/2023 11


Row echelon form
In each part, suppose that the row echelon
form of the augmented matrix of the linear
systems are given. State which of them have a)
unique solution; b) no solution & c) infinitely
many solutions. Explain why.
1. infinitely
2. infinitely
3. no solution
4. unique solution
Linear Algebra-2 BDA SEM 2 04/19/2023 12
Elementary row operations
==

R3=R3-(3/2)R2 [U c]
Row echelon form: -----------Gaussian elimination -1/2 z= -3/2 ; z=3
2y-7z=-17; 2y-21=-17 ;2y=4, y=2
Reduced row echelon form R: -----Gauss-Jordan elimination

Gaussian elimination: In this procedure, there is a forward phase in which zeros


are introduced below the leading 1’s.
Gauss-Jordan elimination: This algorithm has two phases; a forward phase in
which zeros are introduced below the leading 1’s and a backward phase in
which zeros are introduced above the leading 1’s.

Linear Algebra-2 BDA SEM 2 04/19/2023 13


Gauss- Jordan elimination

=0
= -1

Solution :

Linear Algebra-2 BDA SEM 2 04/19/2023 14


System of
linear
equation

Elementary row
operation
Gauss elimination

Linear Algebra-2 BDA SEM 2 04/19/2023 15


Homogeneous Linear Systems

Linear Algebra-2 BDA SEM 2 04/19/2023 16


Special case of a homogeneous
system of linear equations.
O a1x+ b1y = 0 ; a2x+b2y=0

Linear Algebra-2 BDA SEM 2 04/19/2023 17


Theorems
Theorem 1: If a homogeneous system has n unknowns, and if
the reduced row echelon form R of its augmented matrix has r
nonzero rows, then the system has n-r free variables.
Theorem 2: A homogeneous linear system with more
unknowns than equations has infinitely many solutions.

Linear Algebra-2 BDA SEM 2 04/19/2023 18


Homogeneous Linear Systems

• What is the row reduced


echelon form of a square
invertible matrix?

Linear Algebra-2 BDA SEM 2 04/19/2023 19


Round Off Errors and Instability
There is often a gap between mathematical theory and its practical
implementation.
O Gauss–Jordan elimination and Gaussian elimination are good
examples.
O Computers generally approximate numbers, thereby introducing
round off errors, so unless precautions are taken, successive
calculations may degrade an answer to a degree that makes it useless.
O Algorithms (procedures) in which this happens are called
unstable.
O Gauss–Jordan elimination involves roughly 50% more operations
than Gaussian elimination.

Linear Algebra-2 BDA SEM 2 04/19/2023 20


References:
1) Howard Anton (2014). Elementary Linear Algebra, 11 th Edition. Wiley Publication.
2) Gilbert Strang (2016 ).Introduction to Linear Algebra , 5th Edition , Wellesley Publishers

Linear Algebra-2 BDA SEM 2 04/19/2023 21

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