CITING

SOURCES
Lambunao National High School – Senior High School
 OBJECTIVE:
The learner cites related literature using
standard style.
citatio
n
 is the means by which you credit other
researchers and writers when you use
their work in your papers.
 What am I
citing?
1. Book- a collection of books that provides information about a certain topic.
2. Magazines- a popular work published periodically (weekly, monthly, etc.) focusing on
a specific subject of interest.
3. Newspaper- a periodical publication containing news, events, interview and opinion
article.
4. Computer- a collection of electronic materials that provides information about a
certain topic.
5. Journal- a scholarly work published periodically containing highly classified research.
6. Film- a motion picture or movie. Can be fictional, documentary or even YOUTUBE
Videos.
 Reference
Styles
APA (American Psychological Association) is an author/date-based style.
This means emphasis is placed on the author and the date of a piece of work
to uniquely identify it.
MLA (Modern Language Association) is most often applied in the arts and
humanities, particularly in the U.S.A
HARVARD is very similar to APA. It is the most well used referencing style
in the UK and Australia, and it is encouraged for the use with the humanities.
CHICAGO and TURABIAN are two separate styles but very similar. They
are also widely used for history and economics.
 The TWO
forms/types of
citation

IN-TEXT-CITATION - indicate the source

within the body of text
REFERENCE CITATION - complete
bibliographic information which usually
appears at the end of the paper
 in a Reference list In-text citation
APA 7th edition
Meligrito, M. L. , & Mendoza, D. (2016) Meligrito(2016) states that……....
Applied Research: Introduction to
Quantitative Research and Methods and
Report Writing: Phoenix Publishing
House, Inc.
MLA 8th Edition
Meligrito, Ma. Lourdes and Diana Mendoza. According to Ma. Lourdes Melegrito
Applied Research: Introduction to and Diana Mendoza, literature review
Quantitative Research and Methods and is……………….. (78).
Report Writing. Phoenix Publishing House,
Inc., 2016, pp. 78 Literature review is………………...
(Meligrito and Mendoza 78).
Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition
Meligrito, Ma. Lourdes and Diana Mendoza. Literature review is…………………
Applied Research: Introduction to (Meligrito and Mendoza, 78).
Quantitative Research and Methods and
Report Writing. (Quezon City: Phoenix
Publishing House, Inc., 2016), 78
USING SOURCES
WITHIN the TEXT
(In-Text Citation)
 follow the author-date method of in-text
citation
 author's(s’) last name or name of source, and
the year of publication for the source, should
appear in the text (Modanza, 2022)
 complete reference information should appear
in the References list
 Is there any way to say,
I CANNOT GET YOU
OUT OF MY HEAD?
SUMMA
RIZE,
PARAPH
RASE,
 Summarize
✘to express the most important facts or
ideas about something or someone in a
short and clear form (dictionary.cambridge.org)
 PARAPHRASE
✘express the meaning of (the writer or
speaker or something written or spoken)
using different words, especially to
achieve greater clarity (Oxford languages)
 QUOTATION
✘a group of words from a book, play,
speech, etc., that are repeated by
someone who did not write them (Oxford
languages)
Examples:
 Falk (2013) claims that the most stigmatized women were
unmarried mothers . . .
 In a recent study of mental illness (Falk, 2013) . . .
 In 2013, Falk discussed mental illness as . . .

For one or two authors, use both names each time you use the
source:
 Smith and Jones (2018) state that . . .
 Smith and Jones (2018) further point out that . . .

For three or more authors, use the first listed author’s last name
plus “et al.”
 Merriman et al. (2018) found that . . .
The year can be omitted in subsequent
citations only when multiple citations of
the same source
are used within the paragraph:

Example:
Smith et al. further state that . . .
 IF NO
AUTHOR IS
GIVEN
Example:
A similar study of students learning to format
research papers was conducted in 2010 by J.
Webber (“Using APA,” 2014).
 NO
DATE
Example:
In another study of students and research decisions,
it was discovered that students
succeeded with tutoring (Merriman, n.d.).
 SOURCE (PRIMARY)
WITHIN A SOURCE
Example: (SECONDARY)
James C. Dobson’s book (primary source) is used in an
article written by Carlin Romano
(secondary source), and you did not read Dobson’s book, list
the Romano reference in your
References page.
 SOURCE (PRIMARY)
WITHIN A SOURCE
(SECONDARY)
In the text, cite as follows:
An infected person may spread poliomyelitis to others
immediately before and up to 2
weeks after symptoms appear (Dobson, 2017, as cited
in Romano, 2019).
 SOURCE (PRIMARY)
WITHIN A SOURCE
Or: (SECONDARY)
In Seidenberg and McClelland's 2009 study (as cited
in Coltheart et al., 2012), reading
skills improvement varied considerably under these
conditions.
SHORT
QUOTATI
ONS
Example:
Some psychoanalysts speak of illegal “ego-constricting
drugs” (Falk, 2013, p. 302), which have more serious effects
than earlier believed.

According to Falk (2013), "A subculture is a group who have

had significantly different experiences from those of most
members of any society" (p. 303).
LONG
QUOTATI
ONS
Example:
Falk (2013) points out that:
Because deinstitutionalization places the burden of care on the
family[,] this is really a feminist issue since in our culture women are
the prime caregivers for ill persons who remain at home. This may
mean that a woman’s career will be disrupted or destroyed by the
chronic mental illness of a family member. (p. 53)
 ACRONY
MS
Example:
According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2019),…

… these numbers have continued to increase (WHO, 2018).

The number of such births rose in 2014 (World Health Organization

[WHO], 2018).
 THE
REFERENC
 go to Millikin’s Writing Center
 check the 7th edition of the APA Publication
Manual
E LIST
 or consult the APA style website at
http://www.apastyle.org/
CITING A
BOOK
LeFever Kee, J., Hayes, E. R., & McCuistion, L. E.

(2015). Pharmacology: A patient-centered nursing

process approach. Elsevier/Saunders.

BASIC
RULES
 All authors' names are inverted (last name first);
give the last name and initials for all authors of a
particular work.
 If an author uses more than one initial, place one
space between each initial (example: Hayes, E.
R.)
 BASIC

RULES
Alphabetized by authors' last names or
corporate/organization names.

 If you have more than one work by a particular

author, order them by publication date, starting
with the oldest (a 2016 article would be listed
before a 2018 article).
BASIC
RULE
 Do not use “Retrieved from” either for a DOI or a
URL; simply provide the link. However, for
sources that are unstable or change over time (e.g.
dictionary entries, websites that update frequently,
etc.), a retrieval date is used, placed before the
URL.
Examples
from
Electronic
 DOI and
URL
 Always use the DOI if it is listed.
 Standardize DOIs into the current, preferred format, even though the
article presented the DOI in the older format.
Format example: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0040251
 There is no space between DOI and the number itself
 No period follows the DOI at the end of the citation
 DOI is usually located on the first page of the electronic article, can
also be located on the Full Record Display Search page of an article
or at the end of an article
 ONLINE MAGAZINE
ARTICLE (not a journal)

Bergeson, S. (2019, January 4). Really cool neutral

plasmas. Science 363(6422), 33-34.

https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau7988
 ONLINE NEWSPAPER
ARTICLE (not a journal)

Guarino, B. (2017, December 4). How will humanity react to a lien

life? Psychologists have some predictions. The Washington Post.
https://washingtonpost.com/news/
speaking-of-science/wp/2017/12/4/how-will-humanity- react-to-alien-
life-psychologists-have-somepredictions
AUTHORED
ebook

Christian, B., & Griffiths, T. Algorithms to live by:

The computer science of human decisions. Henry
Holt and Co. http://a.co.7qGBZAk
 ONLINE REFERENCE
WORK (No Author)
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Culture. In Merriam- Webster.com
dictionary. Retrieved September 9, 2019, from
https://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/culture
 NEWS
WEBPAGE
Avramova, N. (2019, January 3). The secret to a long, happy, healthy life? Think

age-positive. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/03/health/ respect-toward-elderly-

leads-to-longlife-intl/index.html
 WEBPAGE with
GROUP AUTHOR

World Health Organization. (2018, March). Questions and answers on

immunization and vaccine safety.
https://www.who.int/features/qa/84/en/
YOUTUBE or other
STREAMING VIDEO
University of Oxford. (2018, December 6). How do geckos walk on
water [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/ watch?
v+qm1xGfOZJc8
Let’s do
it!
 TASK
Read the materials you have chosen, and the do the
following:

1. In-text Citation (use summarizing, paraphrasing or

quotation)

2. Reference List
 Citing Sources:
Things to Avoid
✘ Plagiarism
is using someone else’s work or ideas as your
own with or without their consent by
incorporating it into your work without full
acknowledgment.
✘ Irrelevant quotations
✘ Un-introduced quotations
Thank you!
 TASK
Read the following paragraph from an article taken online.
Cite source using:

1. In-text Citation (use summarizing, paraphrasing or

quotation)

2. Reference List
Source: Time
Title: The Philippines Still Hasn't Fully
Reopened Its Schools Because Of Covid-19.
What Is This Doing To Children?
Author: Chad De Guzman
Date: December 1, 2021
Url: https://time.com/6124045/school-closures-
covid-education-philippines/
But while other countries have taken the opportunity to resume in-person
classes, the Philippines has lagged behind. After 20 months of pandemic
prevention measures, amounting to one of the world’s longest
lockdowns, only 5,000 students, in just over 100 public schools, have
been allowed to go back to class in a two-month trial program—a tiny
fraction of the 27 million public school students who enrolled this year.
The Philippines must be one of a very few countries, if not the only
country, to remain so reliant on distance learning. It has become a vast
experiment in life without in-person schooling.
POSSIBLE ANSWER:
In-text Citation
For more than two years of working against COVID-19, only
5,000 out of 27 million students enrolled in public schools in
the school year 2021-2022 were allowed to attend face-to-
face classes (de Guzman, 2021).
ANSWER: Reference
List
De Guzman, C. (2021, December 1). The Philippines still hasn’t fully
reopened its schools because of COVID-19. What is this doing to
children. Time. https://time.com/6124045/ school-closures-covid-
education-philippines/