WELL COME

Inclusiveness

By:
Getenet B.

Be Optimistic / Hopeful
 Chapter One
Basic Terms & their meanings
• Impairment
– refers to injury, deficiency or loss of part of a body.
– it is an abnormality of body structure, appearance
or organ.
– It is lessening the function of an individual.
• Disability
– Physical, psychological or neurological deviation
that may result from impairment for specific
functions.
– It is any restriction or lack of ability to perform an
activity considered normal for a human being
 Cont…
– It may result from impairment but not
always.
• Handicap
– refers to the result of any condition or
deviation, physical, mental or emotional,
that inhibits or prevents achievement,
acceptance, and participation in economic
and social activities.
– It is the disadvantaged and dependence
status of an individual.
 Cont…
The full inclusion of people with impairments in
society can be inhibited by:
1. Attitudinal (societal barriers, such as stigma)
2. Physical barriers (environmental barriers,
such as absence of stairs), and
3. Policy barriers (systemic barriers),
 Definition of disability

•Medical Approach

=Disability means functional limitations due to

physical, intellectual or psychic impairment, health
or psychic disorders on a person (WHO, 1996).
 Cont…
• The social definition of disability:
= Disability largely depends on the context and
is a consequence of discrimination, prejudice
and exclusion.
= Emphasizes the shortcomings in the
environment and in many organized activities
in society, for example on information,
communication and education, which prevent
persons with disabilities from participating on
equal terms.
 Cont…
Causes of Disability
• Disability can be caused by the following
factors.
=Genetic Causes Abnormalities in genes and
genetic inheritance

=Environmental factor such as Poverty and

malnutrition in pregnant mothers can cause a
deficiency in vital minerals and result in
deformation issues in the unborn child.
 Cont..
  =The use of drugs, alcohol, tobacco, the exposure to
certain toxic chemicals and illnesses, toxoplasmosis,
cytomegalovirus, rubella and syphilis by a pregnant
mother can cause intellectual disability to the child.

= Childhood diseases such as a whooping cough, measles, and chicken pox may lead to
meningitis and encephalitis.

= Unfortunate life events such as drowning, automobile accidents, falls

=
 Con…..
Some type of disabilities:
1. Visual impairment
Visual impairment in general designates two sub- classifications
=Blindness, total or partial inability to see because of disease or disorder
of the eye, optic nerve, or brain.
= The term low vision is used for moderately impaired vision.
2. Hearing Impairment
 Hard of Hearing:
 Deaf:
3. Specific learning disability
Specific Learning Disability means a disorder in one or more of the basic
psychological processes involved in understanding or in using
language, spoken or written, that may manifest itself in the imperfect
ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or to do mathematical
calculations.
 Cont…
Types of Specific Learning Disabilities
A. Dyscalculia=affects a person‘s ability to understand numbers and learn
math
B. Dysgraphia =affects a person‘s handwriting ability and fine motor skills.
C. Dyslexia= affects reading and related language-based processing skills.
D. Language Processing Disorder= difficulty attaching meaning to sound
groups that form words, sentences and stories.
E. Non-Verbal Learning Disabilities= discrepancy between higher verbal
skills and weaker motor, visual-spatial and social skills.

4. Speech and Language Impairments= a communication disorder

Such as unable to talk, understand, read, and write.
 Cont…
Types of Speech Impairments
 articulation disorders:
= errors in the production of speech sounds that may be related to
anatomical or physiological limitations in the skeletal, muscular, or
neuromuscular support for speech production.
• Example : Omissions, Substitutions and Distortions

 fluency disorders: difficulties with the rhythm and timing of speech

characterized by hesitations, repetitions, or prolongations of sounds,
syllables, words, or phrases. Ex Stuttering and Cluttering:

 voice disorders: abnormal production and/or absences of vocal

quality, pitch, loudness, resonance, and/or duration.
 Cont…
Types of Language Impairments
= Phonological disorders are defined as the abnormal
organization of the phonological system, or a significant
deficit in speech production or perception.

= Morphological disorders are defined as difficulties with

morphological inflections (inflections on nouns, verbs, and
adjectives that signal different kinds of meaning

= Semantic disorders are characterized by poor vocabulary

development, inappropriate use of word meanings, and/or
inability to comprehend word meanings.

= Syntactic deficits are characterized by difficulty in

acquiring the rules that govern word order and others
aspects of grammar such as subject-verb agreement.
 
con…
=Pragmatic difficulties are characterized as problems in understanding
and using language in different social contexts.

5.Autism
• Autism means a developmental disability significantly affecting
verbal and nonverbal communication and social interaction, generally
evident before age three that adversely affects a child‘s educational
performance.
• Other characteristics often associated with autism are engaging in
repetitive activities and stereotyped movements, resistance to
environmental change or change in daily routines, and unusual
responses to sensory experiences
 Cont….
6. Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

Kauffman (1993) conclude that emotion or behavioral

disorders fall into two broad classifications:
• 1) Externalizing Behavior: also called under
controlled disorder, include such problems
disobedience, disruptiveness, fighting, tempers
tantrums, irresponsibility, jealous, anger, attention
seeking etc…
• 2) Internalizing Behavior: also known as over
controlled disorders, include such problems anxiety,
immaturity, shyness, social withdrawal, feeling of
inadequacy (inferiority), guilt, depression and worries
a great deal
 Causes of behavioral and emotional
disorders
Biological- includes genetic disorders, brain damage, and malnutrition,
allergies, temperament and damage to the central nervous system.

Family factors- include family interactions, family influence, child

abuse, neglect, and poor disciplinary practices at home.

Cultural factors- include some traditional and cultural negative

practices, for example watching violence and sexually oriented
movies and TV programs.

Environmental factors- include peer pressure, living in impoverished

areas, and schooling practices that are unresponsive to individual
needs.
 Cont….
7. Intellectual Disability
Intellectual disability is a disability characterized by
significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and
in adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social
and practical skills.
This disability originates before the age of 18.

An individual is considered to have an intellectual disability

based on the following three criteria:
= Poor Conceptual skills
= Social skills
= practal skills
8. Physical disability/Orthopedic Impairment and Health impairment

= Physical disability is a condition that interferes with the individual‘s ability to

use his or her body.

=Many but not all, physical disabilities are orthopedic impairments.

The term orthopedic impairment generally refers to conditions of muscular or

skeletal system and sometimes to physical disabling conditions of the nervous
system

= Health impairment is a condition that requires ongoing medical attention. It

includes asthma, heart defects, cancer, diabetes, hemophilia. HIV/AIDS, etc.
 Cont….
• Physical disabilities:- based on the impact of physical disability on
mobility and motor skills, it is divided into three. These are:- A.
Mild physical disability:- these individuals are able to walk without
aids and may make normal developmental progress. B. Moderate
physical disability:- individuals can walk with braces and crutches
and may have difficulty with fine-motor skills and speech
production. C. Severe physical disability:-these are individuals who
are wheel-chair dependent and may need special help to achieve
regular development.
The physical disability could be broadly classified in to two
• The neurological system (the brain ,spinal cord & nerve) related
problems.
• Musculo skeletal system ( the muscles, bones and joints) are
deficient due to various causes.
 Cont…
9. Vulnerability : Vulnerable means being at risk of being
harmed.
• vulnerability can be generally defined as a complex
phenomenon that refers to the following dimensions:
1.Economic difficulties/lack of financial resources: poverty, low living
standards, housing problems
2. Social exclusion: limited access to facilities such as transportation,
schools, libraries or medical services;
3.Lack of social support from social networks: no assistance from
family members, friends, neighbors or colleagues
4.Stigmatization: being a victim of stereotypes, being devalued,
5.Health difficulties: disadvantages resulting from poor mental health,
physical health or disabilities;
6. Being a victim of crime: in family context especially of violence.
 Cont…
• Causes of Vulnerability :
by rapid population growth, poverty and hunger,
poor health, low levels of education, gender
inequality, fragile and hazardous location, and lack
of access to resources and services, including
knowledge and technological means, disintegration
of social patterns (social vulnerability).
Other causes includes; lack of access to information
and knowledge, lack of public awareness, limited
access to political power and representation
 Cont…
Environmental vulnerability concerns land
degradation, earthquake, flood, hurricane,
drought, storms (Monsoon rain, El Niño), water
scarcity, deforestation
Characteristics of Vulnerable People :
1.Less physically or mentally capable (infants, older
adults, people with disabilities) 2. Fewer material and/or
financial resources (low-income households, homeless)
3.Less knowledge or experience (children, illiterate,
foreigners, tourists) 4. Restricted by society to grow
and develop according to their needs and potentials .
 Cont…
• People who are helped by others (who are then
restricted by commitments) are still vulnerable
people such as Women, child , minority ,
poverty, Disabilities, age, Illiteracy and less
education , Sickness and Gifted and
Talentedness.
•
 Chapter 2
Concept of Inclusion
Definition of Inclusion
• Inclusion in education/service refers to ―an
ongoing process aimed at offering quality
education/services for all with respecting
diversity and the different needs and abilities,
characteristics and learning expectations of the
students and communities and eliminating all
forms of discrimination (UNESCO).
 Cont…
• Inclusive Education
– refers to an education system that is open to all learners,
regardless of poverty, gender, ethnic backgrounds,
language, learning difficulties and impairments.
– Inclusion emphasizes that all children and students can
learn and need some form of support in learning and
active participation.

– It identifying barriers that hinder learning, and reducing

or removing these barriers in schools, vocational training,
higher education, teachers education, and education
management.
– Inclusive education promotes education for all.
 Cont…
• Principles of Inclusion
=all persons should learn, work and live together  

= all persons have unique characteristics, interests,

abilities and particular learning needs and, further,
that all persons have equal access education,
employment and services.

= Inclusive education extends beyond special needs

arising from disabilities, and includes consideration
of other sources of disadvantage and
marginalization,
 Implementation of inclusion has number of
rationales
= Children do better academically, psychologically and socially
in inclusive settings
= A more efficient use of education resources.
= Decreases dropouts and repetitions
= All individuals have the right to learn and live together
= There are no legitimate reasons to separate children for their
education Economic Foundation
= Inclusive education has economic benefit, both for individual
and for society.
= Inclusive education is more cost-effective than the creation of
special schools across the country.
= Children with disabilities go to local schools
= Reduce wastage of repetition and dropout
 cont,….
Factors that Influenced Development of Inclusion

=inclusive education is a basic human right; quality

education results from inclusion of students with
diverse needs and ability differences,
= inclusion has got the world‘s attention because it is
supposed to solve the world‘s major problems occurring in
social, economic, religious, educational and other areas of
the world.
= other benefits to students with and without special needs
education; help all citizens exercise educational and
human rights; enhance quality education for all in regular
class rooms through inclusion;
Inclusive education is influencing actors:
1.Communities: pre-colonial and indigenous approaches to education and
community-based programs movement that favor inclusion of their community
members.
2. Activists and advocates: the combined voices of primary stakeholders

3. The quality education and school improvement movement: in both North and
South, the issues of quality,

4. Special educational needs movement: the new thinking‘ of the special needs
education movement

5. Involvement of International agencies: the UN is a major influence on the

development of inclusive education policy and practice.

6. Other factors: the current world situation and practical experiences in

education. The current world situation presents challenges such as the spread of
HIV/AIDS, political instability, trends in resource distribution, diversity of
population, and social inclusion.
 Benefits of Inclusion
=Benefits for Students with Special Needs Education
= Benefits for persons without Special Needs
= Benefits for Teachers and Parents/Family
= Benefits for socity
Ultimate Goal of Inclusion
-to create schools where everyone belongs.
-Students educated together have fewer fears about difference and
disability
-offers equality of opportunity to all as well as protection in market
and employment transitions so on …..
 Cont…
Features of Inclusive Environment
• members feel respected by and connected to one
another.
• an environment that welcomes all people, regardless
of their disability and other vulnerabilities.
• It recognizes and uses their skills and strengthens
their abilities.
Inclusive Environments
• An inclusive environment is a place that is adjusted to
individuals‘ needs and not vice versa – that
individuals are adjusted to the environmental needs.
•
 Cont…
=An inclusive environment is also directed towards
developing culture, policy and practice which meet
pupils‘ diversities, towards identifying and removing
obstacles in learning and participating, towards
developing a suitable provisions and supporting
individuals.
successful environment has the following
characteristics:
- It recognizes and responds to the diverse needs of
their individuals and ensuring quality provisions for
all
- It is committed to serve all individuals together
regardless of differences.
 Cont…
• It involves restructuring environment, culture, policy,
and practice.
• It promoting pro-social activities
• It makes provides services and facilities equally
accessible to all people so on ………
Barriers to Inclusion
 Problems related with societal values and beliefs-
 Economic factors
 Lack of taking measures to ensure conformity of
implementation of inclusion practice with policies
 Lack of knowledge and skills among teachers
regarding inclusive education so on………
 Chapter 3
3. Identification and Differentiated services
Impact of Disability and Vulnerability on daily life
The following are often considered the most significant
factors in determining a disability's impact on an
individual.
• The Nature of the Disability: Disability can be acquired (a result of
an accident, or acquired disease) or congenital (present at birth).
• The Individual’s Personality
• The Meaning of the Disability to the Individual
• The Individual’s Current Life Circumstances \
• The Individual's Support System
 Common effects of a disability may include but not limited to
health conditions of the person; mental health issues including
anxiety and depression; loss of freedom and independence;
frustration and
 Cont….
•Economic Factors and Disability

• Political Factors and Disability

• Factors Psychological of Disability

• The Family and Disability

Needs of Persons with Disabilities and Vulnerabilities:

•Needs of persons with disabilities and vulnerabilities depends on different

factors
• People with disabilities do not all share a single experience, even of the
same impairment

• Persons with disabilities and vulnerabilities have socio-emotional,

psychological, physical and social environmental and economic needs in
general.
 Needs of Persons with Disabilities and
Vulnerabilities:
Implement effective Intervention and Rehabilitation
 Rehabilitation interventions promote a comprehensive process
to facilitate attainment of the optimal physical, psychological,
cognitive, behavioral, social, vocational, and educational status
within the capacity allowed by the anatomic or physiologic
impairment, personal desires and life plans, and environmental
(dis)advantages for a person with a disability.

 Consumers/patients, families, and professionals work together

as a team to identify realistic goals and develop strategies to
achieve the highest possible functional outcome, in some cases in
the face of a permanent disability, impairment, or pathologic
process

 Rehabilitation requires goal-based activities and, more

 Cont…
=Rehabilitation interventions are associated with social
participation (e.g., access to education using rehabilitation
interventions) and career planning and employment
• = Rehabilitation-includes all measures aimed at reducing the impact of
disability for an individual enabling him or her to achieve
independence, social integration, a better quality of life and self
actualization or refers to measures which aim to enable persons with
disabilities to attain and maintain maximum independence, full
physical, mental, social and vocational ability, and full inclusion and
participation in all aspects of life.
• If you give a person a fish,
• He/she will eat for a day;
• If you teach him/her how to caught fish,

• He/she eat for a lifetime

 Chapter 4
4 Promoting Inclusive Culture
4.1 Definition of Inclusive Culture

 An inclusive culture involves the full and successful integration of

diverse people into a workplace or industry.
 it extend beyond basic or token presence of workers who have
disabilities
 encompass both formal and informal policies and practices, and
involve several core values: - Representation: The presence of
people with disabilities across a range of employee roles and
leadership positions - Receptivity: Respect for differences in
working styles and flexibility in tailoring positions to the strengths
and abilities of employees and - Fairness: Equitable access to all
resources, opportunities, networks and decision making processes.
3Dimensions of Inclusive culture
• Universal design refers to the construction of
structures, spaces, services, communications and
resources that are organically accessible to a range of
people with and without disabilities, without further
need for modification or accommodation.
• Recruitment, Training, & Advancement
Opportunities
1. Accessible outreach and hiring practices and
2. Targeted recruitment of workers with disabilities.
• Workplace Accommodations and Accessibility:
Policy & Practice
 Cont…..
=Policy plays a critical role in generating meaningful
inclusion of people with disabilities.

=In addition to recruitment, training and advancement,

workplace policies need to carefully plan for the
provision of reasonable accommodations.

=
 Building inclusive community
An inclusive community: - Does everything that it can to respect
all its citizens, gives them full access to resources, and
promotes equal treatment and opportunity.
- Works to eliminate all forms of discrimination.
- Engages all its citizens in decision-making processes that
affect their lives.
- - Values diversity and - Responds quickly to racist and other
discriminating incidents.
An inclusive society aims at empowering and promoting the
social, economic, and political inclusion of all, irrespective of
age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion, economic,
or other status.
 Means of establish inclusive culture
There are four key inclusive leadership behaviors:
Empowerment: Enable team members to grow and excel by
encouraging them to solve problems, come up with new
ideas and develop new skills.
Accountability: Show confidence in team members by holding
them responsible for aspects of their performance that are
within their control.
Courage: Stand up for what you believe is right, even when it
means taking a risk.
Humility: Admit mistakes, learn from criticism and different
points of view, and overcome your limitations by seeking
contributions from team members.
 There are five stages in establishing inclusive
culture:
1. Consider what you want to achieve and what the
benefits will be.
2. Undertake an inclusion review of your workplace
When reviewing inclusion and equality in your
organization
3. Decide where work is needed and create an action
plan.
4. Review, monitor and evaluate the plan’s impact and
use what you find to plan future action
 Inclusive values
•Inclusion is most importantly seen as putting inclusive values into
action.
•It is a commitment to particular values which accounts for a wish to
overcome exclusion and promote participation.

-The seven Pillars of Inclusion:

Access: Access explores the importance of a welcoming environment

and the habits that create it.

Attitude: Attitude looks at how willing people are to embrace inclusion

and diversity and to take meaningful action. And

Appreciating diversity, equality and equity, cooperativeness,

participation, community, and sustainability
 Indigenous inclusive values and practices
The term “Indigenous‖ refers to a better understanding of,
and respect for, indigenous cultures develops an enriched
appreciation of the existing cultural heritage.

 Indigenous inclusion defined as an organizational state that

is embraced as a cultural norm, with enterprise-wide
workplace strategies as well as a culture which invites the full
participation of indigenous people into all aspects of business
operations.

 It is where leadership and employees are welcoming of

indigenous people, their experience and outlooks, where
diversity is valued, the spirit of reconciliation has been
 con…….
Features of an indigenous inclusion:
1.Inclusion has been embraced as a core competency and
embedded into the organizational culture;
2.Companies share their organization‘s experience and
achievements with inclusion and explain how it has helped
their performance;
3. Human rights and responsibilities are promoted and
respected. Employees are free of concerns related to basic
equity issues;
4.Comprehensive Indigenous procurement, recruitment and
corporate social responsibility strategies have been
developed as part of an enterprise-wide coordinated
approach;
5.Indigenous people are employed and retained in all areas
 Chapter 5
5. Inclusion for Peace, Democracy and Development
5.1 Definition of Peace, Democracy and Development
peace is defined as creating mutual understanding, positive
relationship between individuals and groups.

These groups may include culturally, linguistically,

economically and biologically heterogeneous groups.

 Peace make the mind quiet and calm prevents anxieties,

worries, stress and fears, and awakens inner strength and
confidence, develop freedom, happiness, love, joy, justice and
gratitude.
Peace can be achieved through formal and informal inclusive
education.
• Inclusive education
Cont…
is a foundationfor inclusiveness in all
aspects of life. It creates equality and equity among divers
population.

• Diversity refers to in terms of language, religion, socioeconomic

status, culture and psychology.

• Equal (sameness and nondiscrimination) and/or equitable (social

justice and fairness ) distribution of resources within the system;

•
 con…..
inclusive education is crucial for:
• Fostering education that promotes the values, attitudes
and behavior inherent in a culture of peace
• Promoting sustainable economic and social development
• Promoting respect for the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights at all levels;
• Fostering democratic participation and citizenship and
supporting processes
• Advancing understanding, respect for cultural diversity
• Supporting participatory communication and the free
flow and sharing of information and knowledge
 Inclusive for Sustainable peace
Building of peace requires taking the following
steps:
 Fostering inclusion, ensuring access to justice,
 Reaffirm a commitment to human rights,
 Foster social resilience by strengthening inclusion and
addressing inequality
 Think local and act global: recommit to multilateralism as a
safeguard for the most vulnerable
 National implementation alone will not suffice to achieve the
SDGs:
 Inclusion for Democracy

 Definition Democracy is a great philosophy of inclusion

that born and grown in inclusive schools.

 It means the rule of the people, by the people, for the

people; and where ―people‖ is to mean all human being,
regardless of the diversities.

 Democratic schools are an educational ideal in which

democracy is both a goal and a method of instruction.
 Cont..
• One of the most important tasks of schools should be helping
students to realize the values of democracy.

• The democratic values include is to enhance protected right,

independent quality life for all, freedom, pursuit of happiness,
justice, the common good, truth, respect and tolerance for
diversity and partisanship.

• Inclusive education aims to develop real democracy through

active participation by all divers learners involved in
classrooms and educational institutions.
Inclusive education for Development
• The meaning of development for an individual is that
which tends towards a person realizing his or her full
potential as a human being through inclusive education
and then inclusive society; to expand the range of
choices for every human being without discrimination.
• Inclusive development consists of ensuring that all
marginalized and excluded groups are stakeholders in
development processes.
• The goal of inclusiveness is to prevent social exclusion
and creating more social inclusion that aim at including
all members of society in the growth process.
• Social inclusion is an integral part of inclusive
development.
 Cont….

The end!!!

THANK
YOU!!! 53