LECTURE 04 : Week 04

Introduction to Programming
 Programming Languages
 Machine Language
(first generation of programming languages)
 The computer’s ‘native language’
 Composed of binary digits (0s, 1s)
 The only language that computers understand

 Assembly Language
(second generation of programming languages)
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 One-to-one correspondence to machine language
 Somewhat more user-friendly than machine language
(mnemonic rather than binary digits)
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 Assembler – program that translates an assembly

language program into machine language
 Programming Languages
 Procedural Languages (High Level Languages)
(third generation languages)
 One instruction translates into many machine language
instructions
 Programs describe the computer’s processing step-by-
step
 Closer to natural language; uses common words rather
than abbreviated mnemonics
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 Examples: C, Fortran, QuickBasic
 Programmer tells computer WHAT to do and HOW to
do
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 Programming Languages
 Nonprocedural Language
(fourth generation languages)
 Allows the user to specify the desired result without
having to specify the detailed procedures needed for
achieving the result
 Example: data base query language - SQL
 Can be used by non technical users
 Focus on WHAT to do, NOT HOW to do
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 Natural Language Programming Languages
(fifth generation (intelligent) languages)
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 Translates natural languages into a structured,

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machine-readable form
 Are extremely complex and experimental
 Current Programming Languages
 Visual Programming Languages
 Used within a graphical environment
 Example: Visual Basic and Visual C++
 Popular to non technical users

 Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

 standard language used in World Wide Web
 contains text, images, and other types of information such
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as data files, audio, video, and executable computer
programs
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 Componentware
 Software components that may be assembled by developer
as needed
 Current Programming Languages
 Object-Oriented Programming Languages (OOP)
 based on objects – packaging data and the
instructions about what to do with that data
together
 Examples: Java, C++

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 Programming Paradigm
 A programming paradigm is a style or “way”
of programming.
 A paradigm is a way of doing something (like
programming

 Common paradigms are,

7  Unstructured Programming
 Structured Programming
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 Object Oriented Programming

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 Unstructured Programming
 In this approach programmer put all their
code in one place or say in one program.
when line of code increases, A programmer
can face so many problems like:

 Duplicity and redundancy of code

8  Code maintenance problem
 Readability and many more
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
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This approach is totally useless if working on

a large project.
 Structured Programming
 Program is divided into
separate functions
which was easier to
manage and re-use as
compared to
unstructured approach.
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 This was very helpful

from reusability point of
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view
 Top-Down Development
 If we look at a problem as a whole, it may seem
impossible to solve because it is so complex.
Examples:
 Writing a library system
 Writing a Bank System

 Complex problems can be solved using top-down design,

also known as stepwise refinement, where
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 We break the problem into parts
 Then break the parts into smaller parts
 Soon, each of the parts will be easy to solve
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 CSC-110 Computing Fundamentals 11

STRUCTURED vs. OO PROGRAMMING

STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING:

MAIN PROGRAM GLOBAL DATA

FUNCTION FUNCTION 2 FUNCTION 3

1

FUNCTION 4 FUNCTION 5

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 Structured Programming
 Using function
 Function & program is divided into modules
 Every module has its own data and function
which can be called by other modules.

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 OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
Object 2
Object 1

Data Data

Function Function

Object 3
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Data
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Function

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 Basic terminology CSC-110 Computing Fundamentals 14

OBJECT
 - usually a person, place or thing (a noun)
METHOD
 - an action performed by an object (a verb)
ATTRIBUTE
 - description of objects in a class

CLASS
 - a category of similar objects (such as
automobiles)
 - does not hold any values of the object’s attributes
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OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

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OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

Objects have both data and methods
Objects of the same class have the same data elements
and methods
Objects send and receive messages to invoke actions
 Key idea in object-oriented:

 The real world can be accurately described as a

collection of objects that interact.

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 Example for attributes and methods

Attributes: Methods:
 manufacturer’s  Define data items
name (specify
 model name manufacturer’s
name, model, year,
 year made
etc.)
 color  Change a data
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 number of doors item (color, engine,
 size of engine etc.)
 etc.  Display data items
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 Calculate cost
 etc.
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Object-Oriented Programming

We can think of an object

as a collection of properties
and the methods that are
used to manipulate those
properties.

Properties

Methods
 Why OOP?
Save development time (and cost) by
reusing code
once an object class is created it can be used
in other applications

Easier debugging
19 classes can be tested independently
reused objects have already been tested
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 Design Principles of OOP
 Four main design principles of Object-
Oriented Programming(OOP):

Encapsulation
Abstraction
Polymorphism
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Inheritance
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 Encapsulation
Also known as data hiding
Only object’s methods can modify information
in the object.

 Analogy:
ATM machine can only update accounts of
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one SPECIFIC person or object only.
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Abstraction
 Focus only on the important facts about the
problem at hand to design, produce, and describe
so that it can be easily used without knowing the
details of how it works.

Analogy:
 When you drive a car, you don’t have to know how
the gasoline and air are mixed and ignited.
 Instead you only have to know how to use the
controls.
 Polymorphism
the same word or phrase can mean different
things in different contexts

 Analogy:
In English, bank can mean side of a river or a
place to put money
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move -
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 CSC-110 Computing Fundamentals 24

Inheritance
Inheritance—a way of organizing classes
Term comes from inheritance of traits like eye
color, hair color, and so on.
Classes with properties in common can be
grouped so that their common properties are only
defined once.
Superclass – inherit its attributes & methods to the
subclass(es).
Subclass – can inherit all its superclass attributes
& methods besides having its own unique attributes
& methods.
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An Inheritance Hierarchy

Superclass
Vehicle
Subclasses

Automobile Motorcycle Bus

Sedan Sports Car Luxury Bus School Bus

What properties does each vehicle inherit from the types of vehicles above it
in the diagram?

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 Object-Oriented Programming Languages

 Pure OO Languages
 Smalltalk, Eiffel, Actor, Java

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END OF LECTURE

Any Questions !!!