Object-Oriented Software

Development

Tutorial 1
 Object oriented
• Software systems are set of interacting
parts, objects, that do the work of the
system by sending messages to each other.
• Early oo language: Simula and Smalltalk;
• Then, C++ and Java.
• The portability of Java;
• Applets run on any computer with a Java-
enabled web brower.
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 Software systems lifecycles
• Analysis and modelling;
• System design;
• Implementation;
• Testing and evaluation;
• Maintenance and enhancement.

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 Object
An object is a software component that has:
• Behaviour: an object can do work;
• State: an object can remember aspects of its
work;
• Individuality: an object can be distinguished
from other objects without having to look at
any part of its state – i.e. each object has an
identifier.
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 class
• An object is an instance of a class;
• There may be many objects all based on the
same class;
• Imagine starting Notepad a number of
times. Each time you start an instance of
Notepad is like creating an object of the
class Notepad. Each instance is difference
is different from another.

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 Execution of software
• Executes an object-oriented system creates
and destroys objects;
• Garbage collection – Java takes care of the
recycling of resources;
• Protocol – a set of messages agreed
between objects;
• Properties – a set of attributes

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 Inheritance
• The new, more specific class of objects can
inherit attributes and operations from its
(parent) superclass.

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 Polymorphism
• Polymorphism is a feature of object-oriented
systems that provides great flexibility and
consistency.
• If a programmer were writing a 2D drawing
program they might wish to use a library of
pre-written classes for shapes, each of which
provides a "getArea()" method. The
programmer can then happily send a
"getArea()" message to whichever graphic
object he or she is wanting to work with,
secure in the knowledge that whichever
object is chosen it will return a calculation of
the area of the shape. 8
 Polymorphism
• In the following sample of a Java program,
both lines look very similar and both objects
are being sent the same message.
• areaOfShape1 = shape1.getArea();
• areaOfShape2 = shape2.getArea();
• However, the actual methods executed might
be different, if shape1 is based on a Circle
class and shape2 on a Square class.

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 Object technology concept
• Abstraction;
• Classes and objects;
• Encapsulation;
• Comments in Java code – beginning with //;
• State;
• Attributes – feature of an object;
• Operations – action an object of the class
performs.
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 Object technology concept cont.
• Controlling state change;
• Inheritance;
• Class inheritance;
• Overriding methods;
• Messages;
• Messages with arguments.

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 Tutorial problem 1
What features of the Java programming
language, and the way it is implemented,
make it easier to produce programs that are
portable?

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 Tutorial Problem 2
The decision to make the language portable
has led to compromises in other areas.
What are these compromises, and how
important are they for the software
developers?

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 Tutorial Problem 3
Describe briefly the software development
process.

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 Tutorial Problem 4
Explain why Java is believed to be an
appropriate language for writing web-based
software.

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 Workshop I
Install the following software:
• jdk 1.3;
• Java docs;
• snjrt20.exe – java runtime program;
• Textpad.

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 Set up path and classpath
• Modify autoexec.bat for Windows ME;

• For Win 2000 or Win XP,

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 Tax code
Each individual will be given a tax code which will
indicate the amount of tax free earnings an
individual is entitled to per year;
The letter at the beginning of the tax code indicates
the status of the individual e.g. married, single.
e.g. L4535 = £4535 tax free pay (personal
allowance) per year for a single person.

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 Marking Scheme
• No marks if the program cannot run, for
whatever reason.
• A working program meeting the
specification requirements fully and
working correctly will be awarded a pass
mark, i.e. 40 marks.

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 Marking Scheme
Please state clearly any assumptions you
make.
Documentation (up to 15 marks);
Structure (up to 15 marks);
Display and user interface (up to 15 marks);
Comment on the Learning Experience (up to
15 marks).
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 What to submit and where
Place all you coursework files in a folder and submit
as ONE zipped file. This file should contain all
the classes your program defines, and all textual
documentation.
1. Hand in a paper printout of your program and a
floppy disk with the zipped file.
2. Send your zipped file by email to your tutor.
Ask for email acknowledgement of receiving the
zipped file.
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