NUMBER

SYSTEMS
AND
CODES
 LESSON OUTLINE

• NUMBER SYSTEMS
• NUMBER NOTATIONS
• ARITHMETIC
• BASE CONVERSIONS
• SIGNED NUMBER REPRESENTATION
• CODES
• DECIMAL CODES
• GRAY CODE
• ASCII CODE

Number Systems and Codes 2

 NUMBER SYSTEMS

THE DECIMAL (REAL), BINARY, OCTAL,

HEXADECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEMS ARE USED TO
REPRESENT INFORMATION IN DIGITAL SYSTEMS.
ANY NUMBER SYSTEM CONSISTS OF A SET OF
DIGITS AND A SET OF OPERATORS (+, , , ).

Number Systems and Codes 3

 RADIX OR BASE
 

The radix or base of the number system

denotes the number of digits used in the
system.
Decimal (base 10) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Binary (base 2) 0 1
 

Octal (base 8) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Hexadecimal (base 16) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F

Number Systems and Codes 4

Decimal Binary Octal Hexadecimal
00 0000 00 0
01 0001 01 1
02 0010 02 2
03 0011 03 3
04 0100 04 4
05 0101 05 5
06 0110 06 6
07 0111 07 7
08 1000 10 8
09 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F

Number Systems and Codes 5

 POSITIONAL NOTATION

IT IS CONVENIENT TO REPRESENT A NUMBER

USING POSITIONAL NOTATION. A POSITIONAL
NOTATION IS WRITTEN AS A SEQUENCE OF
DIGITS WITH A RADIX POINT SEPARATING THE
INTEGER AND FRACTIONAL PART.
  N r  an 1an  2  a1a0 . a1a 2  a m r
 
WHERE R IS THE RADIX, N IS THE NUMBER OF
DIGITS OF THE INTEGER PART, AND M IS THE
NUMBER DIGITS OF THE FRACTIONAL PART.
Number Systems and Codes 6
 POLYNOMIAL NOTATION

A NUMBER CAN BE EXPLICITLY REPRESENTED IN

POLYNOMIAL NOTATION.

N r   an 1  r n 1  an  2  r n  2    a1  r 1  a0  r 0  a1  r 1  a2  r 2    a m  r  m
 
WHERE RP IS A WEIGHTED POSITION AND P IS THE POSITION
OF A DIGIT.

Number Systems and Codes 7

 EXAMPLES

IN BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM

11010
 
.0112  1  2 4
 1  2 3
 0  2 2
 1  21
 0  2 0
 0  2 1
 1  2 2
 1  2 3

IN OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM

673.1248  6  82  7  81  3  80  1 81  2  82  4  83

IN HEXADECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM

306.D 16  3 162  0 161  6 160  D 161

Number Systems and Codes 8

 ARITHMETIC

Addition:
In binary number system,

(101101)2 +(11101)2 : 1111 1

101101
 +
11101
  1001010

Number Systems and Codes 9

 ADDITION

In octal number system,

(6254)8+(5173)8 : 1 1
6254
 +
5173
  13447
In hexadecimal number system,

(9F1B)16 +(4A36)16 : 1 1
9F1B
 +
4A36
  D951
Number Systems and Codes 10
 SUBTRACTION

In binary number system,

(101101)2 -(11011)2 : 10 10

101101
 -
11011
  10010

Number Systems and Codes 11

 SUBTRACTION

In octal number system,

(6254)8 -(5173)8 : 8
6254
 -
5173
  1061
In hexadecimal number system,

(9F1B)16 -(4A36)16 : 16
9F1B
 -
4A36
  54E5
Number Systems and Codes 12
 MULTIPLICATION

In binary number system,

(1101)2  (1001)2 :
1101

1001
1101
0000
0000
 
1101
  1110101

Number Systems and Codes 13

 DIVISION

In binary number system,

(1110111)2 (1001)2 : 1101
1001 1110111
1001
  1011
1001
  1011
 
1001
  10
Number Systems and Codes 14
 BASE CONVERSIONS

CONVERT (100111010)2 TO BASE 8

1001110102  1 28  0  27  0  26  1 25  1 2 4  1 23  0  2 2  1 21  0  20
 4  82  4  81  2  81  1 81  2  80
 4  82  7  81  2  80
 4728

1001110102  100 111 0102

 4 7 2  4728

Number Systems and Codes 15

 BASE CONVERSION

CONVERT (100111010)2 TO BASE 10

1001110102  1 28  0  27  0  26  1 25  1 2 4  1 23  0  2 2  1 21  0  20
 25610  3210  1610  810  210
 31410

Number Systems and Codes 16

 BASE CONVERSION

CONVERT (100111010)2 TO BASE 16

1001110102  1 28  0  27  0  26  1 25  1 2 4  1 23  0  2 2  1 21  0  20
 1 162  2 161  1161  8  160  2  160
 1 162  3 161  A 160
 13 A16

100111010 2  0001 0011 1010 2

 1 3 A  13 A16

Number Systems and Codes 17

 BASE CONVERSION FROM BASE 8
• CONVERT (372)8 TO BASE 2
3728  3 7 2
 011 111 010  11111010 2

• CONVERT (372)8 TO BASE 10

3728  3  8 2  7  81  2  8 0
 19210  5610  210
 25010
• CONVERT (372)8 TO BASE 16
3728  1111 10102
Number Systems and Codes  F A  FA 16 18
BASE CONVERSION FROM BASE 16
• CONVERT (9F2)16 TO BASE 2
9 F 216  9 F 2
 1001 1111 0010  1001111100 102

• CONVERT (9F2)16 TO BASE 8

9 F 216  9 F 2
 1001 1111 0010  (100
 111
 110  ) 2  47628
 010
4 7 6 2
• CONVERT (9F2)
2 16 TO BASE 100
9 F 216 1
 9 16  F 16  2 16
  230410  24010  2 10
 254610 19
 BINOMIAL EXPANSION
(SERIES SUBSTITUTION)

TO CONVERT A NUMBER IN BASE R TO BASE P.

• REPRESENT THE NUMBER IN BASE P IN BINOMIAL SERIES.
• CHANGE THE RADIX OR BASE OF EACH TERM TO BASE P.
• SIMPLIFY.

Number Systems and Codes 20

 CONVERT BASE 10 TO BASE R
CONVERT (174)10 TO BASE 8

8 1 7 4 6 LSB
  8
THEREFORE (174)10 = (256)8 2 1 5  
    8 2 2 MSB
      0 0  

Number Systems and Codes 21

 CONVERT BASE 10 TO BASE R
CONVERT (0.275)10 TO BASE 8

8  0.275  2.200 MSD

8  0.200  1.600  
THEREFORE (0.275)10 = (0.21463)8

8  0.600  4.800  
8  0.800  6.400  
8  0.400  3.200 LSD

Number Systems and Codes 22

 CONVERT BASE 10 TO BASE R
CONVERT (0.68475)10 TO BASE 2

2  0.68475  1. 3695 MSD

2 
THEREFORE (0.68475)10 = (0.10101)2
0.3695  0.7390  
2  0.7390  1.4780  
2  0.4780  0.9560  
2  0.9560  1.9120 LSD

Number Systems and Codes 23

 SIGNED NUMBER
REPRESENTATION

THERE ARE 3 SYSTEMS TO REPRESENT SIGNED NUMBERS IN

BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM:
•  SIGNED-MAGNITUDE
• 1'S COMPLEMENT
• 2'S COMPLEMENT

Number Systems and Codes 24

 SIGNED-MAGNITUDE SYSTEM

IN SIGNED-MAGNITUDE SYSTEMS, THE MOST SIGNIFICANT

BIT REPRESENTS THE NUMBER'S SIGN, WHILE THE
REMAINING BITS REPRESENT ITS ABSOLUTE VALUE AS AN
UNSIGNED BINARY MAGNITUDE.
• IF THE SIGN BIT IS A 0, THE NUMBER IS POSITIVE.
• IF THE SIGN BIT IS A 1, THE NUMBER IS NEGATIVE.

Number Systems and Codes 25

 SIGNED-MAGNITUDE SYSTEM

Number Systems and Codes 26

 1'S COMPLEMENT SYSTEM

• A 1'S COMPLEMENT SYSTEM REPRESENTS THE

POSITIVE NUMBERS THE SAME WAY AS IN THE
SIGNED-MAGNITUDE SYSTEM. THE ONLY
DIFFERENCE IS NEGATIVE NUMBER
__
REPRESENTATIONS. N
• LET BE N ANY POSITIVE INTEGER NUMBER AND BE
A NEGATIVE 1'S COMPLEMENT INTEGER OF N. IF THE
NUMBER LENGTH IS N BITS, THEN
N  (2 n  1)  N .
Number Systems and Codes 27
 EXAMPLE OF 1'S COMPLEMENT

FOR EXAMPLE IN A 4-BIT SYSTEM, 0101 REPRESENTS +5 AND

2 4

 0001  0101  (10000  0001)  0101
 1111  0101
 1010
1010 REPRESENTS 5

Number Systems and Codes 28

 1'S COMPLEMENT SYSTEM

Number Systems and Codes 29

 2'S COMPLEMENT SYSTEM

• A 2'S COMPLEMENT SYSTEM IS SIMILAR TO 1'S

COMPLEMENT SYSTEM, EXCEPT THAT THERE IS ONLY ONE
REPRESENTATION FOR ZERO.
• LET BE N ANY POSITIVE INTEGER NUMBER AND
__
N BE A NEGATIVE 2'S COMPLEMENT INTEGER OF N. IF THE
NUMBER LENGTH IS N BITS, THEN

N  2n  N .
Number Systems and Codes 30
 EXAMPLE OF 2'S COMPLEMENT

FOR EXAMPLE IN A 4-BIT SYSTEM, 0101 REPRESENTS +5 AND

4
2  0101  10000  0101
 1011
1011 REPRESENTS 5

Number Systems and Codes CS 3402--Digital Logic 31

 2'S COMPLEMENT SYSTEM

Number Systems and Codes 32

 ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION IN
SIGNED AND MAGNITUDE
(a) 5 0101
+2 +0010
7 0111

(b) -5 1101
-2 +1010
-7 1111

(c) 5 0101
-2 +1010
3 0011

(d) -5 1101
+2 +0010
-3 1011
Number Systems and Codes 33
 ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION IN
1’S(a)COMPLEMENT
5 0101
+2 +0010
7 0111

(b) -5 1010
-2 +1101
-7 1 0111
1
1000

(c) 5 0101
-2 +1101
3 1 0010
1
0011

(d) -5 1010
+2 +0010
Number Systems and Codes -3 1100 34
 ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION IN
2’S COMPLEMENT
(a) 5 0101
+2 +0010
7 0111

(b) -5 1011
-2 +1110
-7 1 1001

(c) 5 0101
-2 +1110
3 1 0011

(d) -5 1011
+2 +0010
Number Systems and Codes -3 1101 35
 OVERFLOW CONDITIONS

CARRY-IN  CARRY-OUT
0111 1000
5 0101 -5 1011
+3 +0011 -4 +1100
-8 1000 7 10111
CARRY-IN = CARRY-OUT
0000 1110
+5 0101 -2 1110
+2 +0010 -6 +1010
7 0111 -8 11000
Number Systems and Codes
36
 ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION IN
HEXADECIMAL SYSTEM
Addition
(9F1B) 16 +(4A36)16 : 1 1
9F1B
+
4A36
E951
Subtraction

(9F1B)16 -(4A36)16 : 16
9F1B
-
4A36
54E5

Number Systems and Codes 37

 CODES

• DECIMAL CODES
• GRAY CODE
• ASCII CODE

Number Systems and Codes 38

 IN HISTORY: CODE BREAKERS

• ALAN TURING, WHO CRACKED NAZI CODE TO WIN WORLD

WAR II. TURING'S ELECTRO-MECHANICAL MACHINE, A
FORERUNNER OF MODERN COMPUTERS, UNRAVELED THE
ENIGMA CODE USED BY NAZI GERMANY AND HELPED GIVE
THE ALLIES AN ADVANTAGE IN THE NAVAL STRUGGLE FOR 39
CONTROL OF THE ATLANTIC.
 CODES
• WHAT ARE THE USES OF CODES?
SIMPLY PUT, CODING IS USED FOR COMMUNICATING WITH
COMPUTERS. PEOPLE USE CODING TO GIVE COMPUTERS
AND OTHER MACHINES INSTRUCTIONS ON WHAT ACTIONS
TO PERFORM. FURTHER, WE USE IT TO PROGRAM THE
WEBSITES, APPS, AND OTHER TECHNOLOGIES WE INTERACT
WITH EVERY DAY.
WHAT ARE SOME CODES WE USE EVERYDAY??
EX. BRAILLE, MORSE CODE, BARD CODES, POST CODES,
TELEPHONE NUMBERS
Number Systems and Codes 40
 DECIMAL CODES

Decimal Digit BCD Excess-3 2421

8421
0 0000 0011 0000
1 0001 0100 0001
2 0010 0101 0010
3 0011 0110 0011
4 0100 0111 0100
5 0101 1000 1011
6 0110 1001 1100
7 0111 1010 1101
8 1000 1011 1110
9 1001 1100 1111

Number Systems and Codes 41

 BCD CODE

BCD was commonly used for displaying alpha-

numeric in the past but in modern-day BCD is still
used with real-time clocks or RTC chips to keep
track of wall-clock time and it's becoming more
common for embedded microprocessors to include
an RTC.

Number Systems and Codes 42

 GRAY CODE
Decimal Equivalent Binary Code Gray Code
0 0000 0000
1 0001 0001
2 0010 0011
3 0011 0010
4 0100 0110
5 0101 0111
6 0110 0101
7 0111 0100
8 1000 1100
9 1001 1101
10 1010 1111
11 1011 1110
12 1100 1010
13 1101 1011
14 1110 1001
15 1111 1000

Number Systems and Codes 43

 GRAY CODE

Gray codes are widely used to prevent spurious output

from electromechanical switches and to facilitate error
correction in digital communications such as digital
terrestrial television and some cable TV systems.

Number Systems and Codes 44

 ASCII CODE
• ASCII: AMERICAN STANDARD CODE FOR
INFORMATION INTERCHANGE.
• USED TO REPRESENT CHARACTERS AND
TEXTUAL INFORMATION
• EACH CHARACTER IS REPRESENTED WITH 1
BYTE
• UPPER AND LOWER CASE LETTERS: A..Z AND A..Z
• DECIMAL DIGITS -- 0,1,…,9
• PUNCTUATION CHARACTERS -- ; , . :
• SPECIAL CHARACTERS --$ & @ / {
• CONTROL CHARACTERS -- CARRIAGE RETURN (CR) ,
LINE FEED (LF), BEEP
Number Systems and Codes 45
 ASCII CODE

Number Systems and Codes 46

 END TASK
• TASK (ASSIGNMENT):
USING THE ASCII CODE CONVERSION TABLE, DECODE THE
FOLLOWING DIGITS SET:
067 101 098 117 032 084 101 099 104 110 111 108 111 103 105 099 097
108 032 085 110 105 118 101 114 115 105 116 121.
WHAT IS THE TEXT EQUIVALENT? WHAT IS THE BINARY
VALUE OF THIS CHARACTER SET?

Number Systems and Codes 47