Structural Analysis & Design I

Approximate Analysis
For performing quicker analysis of indeterminate
structure, additional approximations (assumptions)
are necessary. Methods of analysis involving such
approximations are known as approximate method of
analysis.
Exact Analysis
Analysis using the usual assumptions that underline
structural theory are called exact

Purposes of Approximate Analysis

Accurate analysis is time consuming
Preliminary design and analysis.
Checking result obtained from computer software
To enable calculation by hand by reducing the
degree of indeterminacy
 Structural Analysis & Design I

D of I = (3m + r) – (3J +c )
D of i of portal frames shown in (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) are
1, 3, 2 and 1
 Requirement for structural Drawing

Structural analysis
 Hand calculation of a column capacity
Slab
(DL+LL+FF+Pwall)

Beam

Column
 Structural Analysis & Design I

Vertical load Assumption

There is a hinge at a distance of 0.1 from left and

right end of a beam
Moment distributed among the column at the joint as
per their stiffness (EI/L).
The third assumption is that axial force in the beams
is zero
 Structural Analysis & Design I
Vertical load

0.4wL+0.1wL=0.5wL
sand sample was placed on the top sieve, and
the sieve stack was then placed on the sieve
shaker. The shaker was turned on and allowed
to run for 10 minutes.

After 10 minutes, the sieves were removed

from the shaker, and the amount of sand
retained on each sieve was weighed using the
weighing scale. The sand that passed through
the smallest sieve (0.15 mm) was collected in
the pan and weighed. The weight of sand
retained on each sieve was then divided by the
total weight of the sample and multiplied by
100 to obtain the percentage of sand retained
on each sieve. The percentage of sand that
passed through each sieve was obtained by
subtracting the percentage retained from 100.

Results:
The following table shows the results of the
sieve analysis:

Mesh size (mm) Weight retained (g) %

Retained % Passing
4.75 0.00 0.00 100.00
 Structural Analysis & Design I

Mmax (+) = (wx (0.8L)^2)/8 = 0.08wL^2

Mmax (-) = 0.4wLx0.1L+ 0.1wLx0.1L/2 = 0.045wL^2
 Structural Analysis & Design I
Vertical Load
Given Data
DL= 500Ib/ft, LL=300 Ib/ft for each
girder.
Find the following : 12’
a) Max positive girder moment
(Mmax +) 12’
b) Max negative girder moment
(Max -) 12’
c) Max girder shear (Vmax)
d) Max exterior column compression
e) Max interior column compression 3@20 ft =60
f) Max exterior column moment
 Structural Analysis & Design I
Soln :
DL= 500 Ib/ft, LL = 300 Ib/ft
= 0.5 K/ft = 0.3 K/ft
w= 0.5+0.3=0.8 Kip/ft
a) Maximum Positive girder moment =
Mmax + (G)= 0.08wL^2
= 0.08x0.8x20^2
= 25.6 Kip-ft
b) Maxm negative girder moment = 0.045wL^2
= 0.045*0.8*20^2
= 14.4 Kip-ft
c) Maxm girder shear, Vmax (G) = 0.5wL= 0.5*0.8*20
= 8 Kip
d) Max exterior column compression= 8+8+8
= 24 Kip
 Structural Analysis & Design I
25.6 k-ft 25.6 k-ft

14.4 k-ft 25.6 k-ft 14.4 k-ft

14.4 k-ft 14.4 k-ft

14.4 k-ft 14.4 k-ft 14.4 k-ft

8 kip 8 kip

8 kip
8 kip
(a and b)
8 kip
8 kip
8 kip 8 kip

©
 Structural Analysis & Design I

e) Max interior column compression

= 2 (8+8+8)
= 48 kN
8k 8k

8k 8k

8k 8k

(e) Max interior column

(d)
 Structural Analysis & Design I

Approximate analysis of Building

Frames under vertical load
Floor slab (6”)
FF = 15 psf Load Roof Floor Roof Floor(psf
(kip/ft) (kip/ft) (psf) )
LC= 30 psf
Frame spacing =15’ DL 1.8 1.35 120 90
(120*15 (90*15)
Soln )
DL: (6/12)*150=75 psf LL 0.6 0.9 40 60
FF=15 psf
total 2.4 2.25
Total DL=90 psf k/ft k/ft
Roof: (7.2” slab)
(7/12)*150=90 psf
LC =30 psf
Total =120 psf
Structural Analysis & Design I

2.4k/ft

10’ 2.25k/ft

10’ 2.25k/ft

111
10’ 111
2.25k/ft
11

15’
20’ 10’
10’
 Structural Analysis & Design I
Vertical Load
Given Data Prob: Approximate analysis of
Building Frames under
In figure vertical load
Find the following : Floor slab (6”) Roof (7.2”)
a) Max positive girder moment FF = 15 psf
(Mmax +) LC= 30 psf
b) Max negative girder moment Frame spacing =15’
LL, Floor 60 psf
(Max -) Roof 40 psf
c) Girder shear (V)
d) Exterior column compression
e) Interior column compression
f) Column moment
 Structural Analysis & Design I

BM in Beams
20’ Span
Positive Moment (+ve) = 0.08wL^2= 0.08*2.4*20^2
= 76.8 on (roof)
= 72 on (floor)
Negative Moment (-ve) = 0.045wL^2 = 0.045*2.4*20^2
= 43.2 on (roof)
= 40.5 0n (floor)
10’ Span
Positive Moment (+ve) = 0.08wL^2= 0.08*2.4*10^2
= 19.2 on (roof)
= 18 on (floor)
Negative Moment (-ve)= 0.045wL^2 = 0.045*2.4*10^2
= 10.8 on (roof)
= 10.1 on (floor)
Structural Analysis & Design I
76.8
19.2

10.8 10.8
43.2 72
18

72 10.1 10.1
40.5 40.5 18

10.1
40.5 72 40.5 10.1
18
18

10.1 10.1 10.1

40.5 40.5

Beam BMD
Structural Analysis & Design I
Structural Analysis & Design I

24
12

12
22.5

22.5 11111.25
111
111
22.5 11.25

11.25 11.25

Beam SFD
Structural Analysis & Design I

24 36 12

46.5 69.75 23.3

69 103.5 34.5

91.5 137.5 11.25

Beam Axial force diagram

 Structural Analysis & Design I
43.2 43.2 10.8 10.8

43.2 43.2 10.8

32.4 10.8

10.1 10.1 5.1

20.3 40.5 40.5
20.3
15.2 5.1 (43.2-10.8)=32.4

15.2 10.1
10.1 5.1
20.3 40.5 40.5

20.3 15.2 5.1

0
18.2 10.1 10.1 10.1
24.3 40.5 40.5 10.1

16.2 10.1
12 0

16.2 12 0 10.1
Structural Analysis & Design I

Calculation
(EI/L)= (1/10)
And
(EI/L)=(1/15)
Now
(EI/L)’=(1/10)+(1/15)
=1/6
Again
(EI/L)/(EI/L)’=(1/10)/(1/6)=(6M/10)
(EI/L)/(EI/L)’=(1/15)/(1/6)=(4M/10)
(40.5*6)/10=24.3
(40.5*4)/10=16.2
Structural Analysis & Design I
43.2 32.4
32.4

20.3 15.2
20.3 5.1
15.2 5.1

20.3
20.3 5.1
15.2 5.1 Column BMD

18.2 10.1
20.3
16.2 12

2.3 10.1
12
Structural Analysis & Design I
76.8
19.2

10.8 10.8
43.2 72
18

72 10.1 10.1
40.5 40.5 18

10.1
40.5 72 40.5 10.1
18
18

10.1 10.1 10.1

40.5 40.5

Beam BMD
 Structural Analysis & Design I
43.2 43.2 10.8 10.8

43.2 43.2 10.8

32.4 10.8
6.4 4.8 1.6
4.8 1.6
6.4 15.2 10.1 10.1 5.1
20.3 40.5 40.5
20.3
15.2 5.1 (43.2-10.8)=32.4
4.1
3.1 1.02
3.1 1.1
4.1 15.2 10.1
10.1 5.1
20.3 40.5 40.5

20.3 15.2 5.1

4.5 3.3
3.3 0
4.5 18.2 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1
24.3 40.5 40.5

16.2 10.1
2.1 12 0
1.6 2.3
2.1 1.6 1.3
16.2 12 0 10.1
 Structural Analysis & Design I
Assignment 6