HISTORY OF

ARCHITECTURE 4
ARKITEKTURANG
FILIPINO
ASST. PROF. ELMER M.
SOLIMAN JR
COURSE
OUTLINE
1. Pre-Hispanic Era
2. Spanish C olonial Era
3. American and Japanese
Era
4. Post World-War II Era
5. Late Twentieth Century
6. The New Millennium
 PRE-HISPANIC
1.

ERA
EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER

PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER

Arc hitec ture has began

as a response to nature.

PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER

PREHISTORIC BUILDING
TYPES
• Caves
• Lean-to
shelters
• Arboreal
shelters

PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER

CAVE
DWELLINGS

PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER

C ave
Dwellings
• Prehistoric C ave
shelters were the
earliest form of
human habitations
• Predated the
emergenc e of
Homo Sapiens
• Require minimal site-
works and
modific ation
• Made from
exc avation rather
than c onstruc tion PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER

C ave
Dwellings
Pleistocene People

• Earliest dwellers
of caves in the
Philippines
• Offsprings of
Iced Aged
• Theory of Land
/ Tulay na
Lupa

PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER
C ave
Dwellings
TABON CAVE
• Most antiquated
and perhaps the
largest
• Tabon C aves, dubbed
as the Philippines'
C radle of
Civilization
• Loc ated at Lipuun
Point, north of Quezon
municipality, Palawan
Island
• The c aves are named
after the Philippine
Tabon
Megapode/Scrufowl
PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER
C ave
Dwellings
TABON C AVE
• The Tabon C aves co mplex has 29 explored
c aves where only seven of whic h are open for
public viewing.
• The major caves open to the public are Tabon
Cave, Diwata C ave, Igang C ave, and Liyang C ave.

PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER
C ave
Dwellings
TABON CAVE
• The Tabon Man was disc overed in the ca ves, one of
the oldest remnants of human
inhabitants found inthe
Philippines. Other remains that were exc avated
have remained onsite and have yet to be examined in
detail.
• The largest, ca ve periodic a lly dwelt in prehistoric
families 30,000 years ago

PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER
C ave
Dwellings
TABON CAVE
• Manunggul Jar is a
sec ondary burial jar
exc avated from a
Neolithic burial site in
M anunggul c a ve of
Tabon C a ves
• Dating from 890–710 B.C .
• The two prominent
figures at the top handle
of its cover represent the
journey of the soul to the
after life PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER
C ave
Dwellings
TABON CAVE

In 2006, the Tabon C ave

Complex and all of Lipuun
was added to the tentative
list of the Philippines for
future UNESC O World
Heritage Site nomination.

The c omplex is managed by

the National Museum and
was dec lared as a National
Cultural Treasure by the
same institution in February
2011.
PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER
C ave
Dwellings
TAU’T-BATU CAVE
• The Tau't Batu, or
'People of the Rock'
live here and they are
the last discovered
tribe in the
Philippines
• Singnapan Valley in
southern Palawan
• Fear of thunder
• Believe that their
world is inhabited by
a vast population of
of forest, rock, and
water spirits.
PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER
C ave
Dwellings
TAU’T-BATU
CAVE than on
• Shelter
• more
Datag family - The
basic sleeping platform.
Made from tree
branches and dried
leaves and built inside
the cave, raised slightly
above the ground
• modular sleeping
platform incorporated
with a fireplac e

PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER
C ave
Dwellings
TAU’T-BATU
CAVE than on
• Shelter
• more
Datag family - The
basic sleeping platform.
Made from tree
branches and dried
leaves and built inside
the cave, raised slightly
above the ground
• modular sleeping
platform incorporated
with a fireplac e

PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER
C ave
Dwellings
ANGONO
PETROGLYPHS
• art in the
Oldest known work
loc ated in
Philippines
of
province
the of Rizal.
• There are 127
and
human animal
engraved
figures on
rockwall
the dating
to
back3000
• Evidence
BC . of
Filipino’s
ancient attempt
embellish
to his plac e
domain
of with
values
symbolic
PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER
C ave
Dwellings
ANGONO PETROGLYPHS
• Inscriptions of stylized human figures, frogs and lizards, along
with other designs
• Erosion may have c aused it to become indistinguishable.
• Petro (stone) Glyph (illustration)

PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER
C ave
Dwellings
ANGONO
PETROGLYPHS

PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER
C ave
Dwellings
ANGONO
PETROGLYPHS

PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER
C ave
Dwellings
ANGONO
PETROGLYPHS

PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER
C ave
Dwellings
ANGONO
PETROGLYPHS

PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER
C ave
Dwellings
ANGONO
PETROGLYPHS

PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER
C ave
Dwellings
ANGONO
PETROGLYPHS

PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER
C ave
Dwellings
CALLAO CAVE
• Located in the Municipality of Peñablanca, Cagayan province
• The seven-c hamber showc ave is one of 300 c aves for
tourism
• Named as Peñablanca (Spanish for white rocks) for the
presence of white limestone roc ks in the area.

PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER
C ave
Dwellings
CALLAO CAVE
• C allao man refers
to fossilized
remains
disc overed in
C allao C ave,
Peñablanc a,
Cagayan
• In 2007 by Armand
Salvador Mijares.
Spec ific ally, they
find a single 61-
millimeter
metatarsal whic h
was found to be
about 67,000 years PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER
C ave
Dwellings
CALLAO CAVE
• Researchers also believe that Aetas, mountain
dwellers today on Luzon Island, c ould be
desc endants of the
C allao Man

PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER
C ave
Dwellings
CALLAO CAVE

PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER
C ave
Dwellings
CALLAO CAVE

PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER

Lean-to
Shelters

PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER
Lean-to
Shelter
Lean-to Shelter

• Ephemeral Architecture
was one of the first
artifacts created by
humans.
• Temporary Shelter
• Readily Available
materials and limited
investment in time and
energy

PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER
Lean-to
Shelter
Lean-to
Shelter

PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER
Lean-to
Shelter
Lean-to Shelter
• Demountable
• Fundamental a c t
of building was
prac tic ed by
nomads in form
the windbreak
(lean-to),
windsc reen or
windshield
• Wind-sun-and rain
screen anc hored
by a pole or stic k
an angle on the
PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER
Lean-to
Shelter
Lean-to Shelter
• The basic c onc ept of arc hitec ture
Lean-to
• They carry their shelter, they don't
need permanent settlement

PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER
Lean-to
Shelter
Lean-to
Shelter

PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER
Lean-to
Shelter
Lean-to Shelter
1. Hawong - Pinatubo Aeta
co nstructed with a ridge
pole supported by forked
stakes or limbs
2.Panahang - Agta &
C asiguran damages aetas
from aurora
3. Dait-Dait – Mamanua Aeta
from Mindanao used when
hunting. Made of wild banana
leaves, c oc onut fronds with
grass of rattan.
PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER

Arboreal
Shelters

PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER
Arboreal
Shelters
Arboreal Shelters
• Dwelling on trees
high Houses
Tree or
• First shelter to be
constructed were made of
interloc king branc hes.
• Architectural institution
fashioned by nature
• 20, to 60 ft above
30 for
ground animal & protec tio
against human
n
enemie
s PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER
Arboreal
Shelters
Arboreal Shelters
• Tinguian, in Palan Abra,
had a separate daytime
and
noc turnal abode
• Small hutof bamboo
and thatch built on the
ground for day abode
• Alligang, smaller and
rested on the top of a
tree, 18-24 meters from
the ground, safe guard
from nighttime ambush.

PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER
Arboreal
Shelters
Arboreal Shelters
• Built and used by
Gaddang and Kalinga
of Luzon, the Manobo
and Mandaya of
Mindanao and by the
Maranao of Lake
Lanao
• It c an be found in
areas where violent
intertribal c onflicts
and nocturnal raids
are frequent

PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER
Arboreal
Shelters
Arboreal Shelters
• These houses are
perched on the Fork
Branc hes of trees
• 6, 12, or 18 meters
above ground
• Other reasons,
protec to the
t living families in
c ommunitieisolated
s the from
animal
and human attacks
enemies
PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER
Arboreal
Shelters
Arboreal Shelters

PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER
Arboreal
Shelters
Arboreal Shelters

PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER

RIC E
TERRAC ES

PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER
Ric e
Terrac es
Rice Terraces
• The Prehistoric Megastruc ture
• The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras is an outstanding
example of an evolved, living cultural landscape that can be
traced as far back as two millennia ago in the pre-colonial
Philippines.

PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER
Ric e
Terrac es
Rice Terraces
• C arved into the
• mountains
The tec hnique used to mountainous has created a terraced
terrain landscape
• Testament to Philippine Modern Engineering

PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER
Ric e
Terrac es
Rice Terraces
• Up to 6
meters High
• Stone Walls
• Exc eeded
the
amount of
stones of
Egypt
Pyramids
and Great
wall of
China PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER
Ric e
Terrac es
Rice Terraces
• The Rice Terrac es
of the Philippine
C ordilleras were
declared National
Treasure
• The terrac es are
likewise protected
by the Republic
Ac t No 10066,
providing for the
protection and
c onservation of
the National
C ultural Heritage. PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER
Ric e
Terrac es
Rice Terraces

PRE-HISPANIC
 EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER
Ric e
Terrac es
Rice Terraces

3 Basic
Elements
1. Terrac e
Spac e
2. Embankment
3. Soil Body

PRE-HISPANIC
END OF EARLY PHILIPPINE
SHELTER

PRE-HISPANIC
PHILIPPINE VERNAC ULAR
ARC HITEC TURE

PRE-HISPANIC
 PHILIPPINE VERNAC ULAR
ARC HITEC TURE

Vernacular
Architecture
• Derived from the Latin “vernaculus”,
meaning domestic , native,
indigenous
• Folk, indigenous, tribal, ethnic and
traditional architecture
• Category of architecture based on
local needs and construction materials
and reflecting local traditions

PRE-HISPANIC
 PHILIPPINE VERNAC ULAR
ARC HITEC TURE

Vernacular
Architecture
• Rearranging the environment it
becomes architecture.
• Protec tion from animals tribe and
natural Calamities

PRE-HISPANIC
 PHILIPPINE VERNAC ULAR
ARC HITEC TURE

Vernacular
Architecture
THE FIVE PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE

1. The builders, whether artisans or those

who planning to live in the buildings,
are non
professional arc hitec t or engineer

PRE-HISPANIC
 PHILIPPINE VERNAC ULAR
ARC HITEC TURE

Vernacular
Architecture
THE FIVE PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE

2. There is consonant adaptation, using

natural materials, to the
geographic al

PRE-HISPANIC
 PHILIPPINE VERNAC ULAR
ARC HITEC TURE

Vernacular
Architecture
THE FIVE PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE

2. There is consonant adaptation, using

natural materials, to the
geographic al

PRE-HISPANIC
 PHILIPPINE VERNAC ULAR
ARC HITEC TURE

Vernacular
Architecture
THE FIVE PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE

3. The actual process of construction

involves intuitive thinking, done without
the use of blueprints or any for
construction drawings

PRE-HISPANIC
 PHILIPPINE VERNAC ULAR
ARC HITEC TURE

Vernacular
Architecture
THE FIVE PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE

4. There is balance between

social/economic func tionality and
aesthetic features

PRE-HISPANIC
 PHILIPPINE VERNAC ULAR
ARC HITEC TURE

Vernacular
Architecture
THE FIVE PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE

5. Arc hitec tural patterns and styles are

subjec t to a protrac ted evolution of
traditional styles
spec ific to an ethnic domain.

PRE-HISPANIC
 PHILIPPINE VERNAC ULAR
ARC HITEC TURE

Vernacular
Architecture
THE FIVE PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE

5. Arc hitec tural patterns and styles are

subjec t to a protrac ted evolution of
traditional styles
spec ific to an ethnic domain.

PRE-HISPANIC
 PHILIPPINE VERNAC ULAR
ARC HITEC TURE

Vernacular
Architecture
• Vernac ular buildings also
demonstrates
the achievements and limitations of
early technology.

• Utilizing technologies learned only

through tradition.

• C an address the most c ommon of

struc tural problems with simplic ity and
logic al arrangement of elements.

PRE-HISPANIC
 PHILIPPINE VERNAC ULAR
ARC HITEC TURE

Vernacular
Architecture
Philippine Vernacular
arc hitec ture inspired
the invention of a new
struc tural system whic h
made possible the
soaring skyscrapers of
C hic ago school

Struc tural logic and

arc hitec tonic princ iple:
steel-frame to replace
the Philippine wooden
frame construction of
bahay kubo
PRE-HISPANIC
 PHILIPPINE VERNAC ULAR
ARC HITEC TURE

Vernacular
Architecture
Philippine Vernac ular
architecture inspired
the invention of a
new struc tural system
whic h made possible
the soaring
skyscrapers of
Chicago school

Tec tonic princ iple:

iron steel frame to
replac e timber and
bamboo PRE-HISPANIC
 PHILIPPINE VERNAC ULAR
ARC HITEC TURE

AUSTRONESIAN
ANCESTRY

• Southeast Asian c ulture

• The
descterm Austronesian peoples refers to a
endants
group present in Southeast Asia or Oceania who
population
speak, or had ancestors who spoke, one of the
languages
Austronesian
. PRE-HISPANIC
 PHILIPPINE VERNAC ULAR
ARC HITEC TURE

AUSTRONESIAN
ANCESTRY
• Water born lifestyle
• Manifest vernac ular
Arc hitecture

PRE-HISPANIC
 PHILIPPINE VERNAC ULAR
ARC HITEC TURE

AUSTRONESIAN
ANCESTRY
• In the Philippines,
vernac ular architecture
professes strong allegiance
to a greater Austronesian
Building Heritage

PRE-HISPANIC
 PHILIPPINE VERNAC ULAR
ARC HITEC TURE

AUSTRONESIAN
ANCESTRY
ARCHETYPAL
AUSTRONESIAN
HOUSE
“Stilt Houses”
• An
Austronesian
Legacy
• Raised Wooden
Structure
• Rectangular
• Structure
PRE-HISPANIC
 PHILIPPINE VERNAC ULAR
ARC HITEC TURE

AUSTRONESIAN
ANCESTRY
ARCHETYPAL
AUSTRONESIAN
HOUSE
“Stilt Houses”
• Elevated Post
• Thatc h Pitc h
Roof with
extended
ridges

PRE-HISPANIC
 PHILIPPINE VERNAC ULAR
ARC HITEC TURE

AUSTRONESIAN
ANCESTRY
ARC HETYPAL AUSTRONESIAN HOUSE
• Aquatic base of life
• Settlement has a direc t
c onnec tion to bodies of water

PRE-HISPANIC
 PHILIPPINE VERNAC ULAR
ARC HITEC TURE

AUSTRONESIAN
ANCESTRY
ARC HETYPAL AUSTRONESIAN
HOUSE
• Water is the means of
transportation
• Communities are developed
along sheltered base and
c oastal areas

PRE-HISPANIC
 PHILIPPINE VERNAC ULAR
ARC HITEC TURE

Vernacular
Architecture
Bahay Kubo
• Pure, Southeast asian type of domestic
architecture found in non-hispanized,
non- anglosaxon communities in the
country
• House / tahanan / tirahan
• Cube House

PRE-HISPANIC
 PHILIPPINE VERNAC ULAR
ARC HITEC TURE

Vernacular
Architecture
Balai / Bahay
Arc hetypal Tropic al
Charac teristic

1. Elevated living floor

2. Buoyant Rectangular volume
3. Raised pile foundation
4. Voluminous thatc hed roof

PRE-HISPANIC
 PHILIPPINE VERNAC ULAR
ARC HITEC TURE

Vernacular
Architecture
Balai / Bahay
Examples of South East Asian
Houses

PRE-HISPANIC
 PHILIPPINE VERNAC ULAR
ARC HITEC TURE

Vernacular
Architecture
Balai / Bahay
Examples of South East Asian
Houses

PRE-HISPANIC
 PHILIPPINE VERNAC ULAR
ARC HITEC TURE

Vernacular
Architecture

PRE-HISPANIC
 PHILIPPINE VERNAC ULAR
ARC HITEC TURE

BOTANIC BUILDING
MATERIALS
• Timber
• Bamboo
• Thatch
• Fibers

PRE-HISPANIC
BUILDING
MATERIALS
 PHILIPPINE VERNAC ULAR
ARC HITEC TURE

Vernacular Structural
Element
Buildings with pile or stilt foundations are
a
pervasive feature not only in the mainland
and island southeast asia

PRE-HISPANIC
 PHILIPPINE VERNAC ULAR
ARC HITEC TURE

Vernacular Structural
Element
FOUNDATION
• It is usually build
wooden
with post as
framework.
its
• It has several
a tropic al c limate.
advantages in
when settlement
Espec ially
are mainly c onc entrated
patterns
co
in astal, riverside,
lakeshores
and
• Underfloor spac e often
as
usedpen for stabling
animals
domesticand as a plac e
for storage
• TWO OPTIONS:
PILE/STILTS
SUPERSEDEDOR
ROLLERS
PRE-HISPANIC
 PHILIPPINE VERNAC ULAR
ARC HITEC TURE

Vernacular Structural
Element

PRE-HISPANIC
 PHILIPPINE VERNAC ULAR
ARC HITEC TURE

Vernacular Structural
Element THATC H
VOLUMINOUS
ROOF
• The most distinc tive
feature of the
Austronesian vernacular
architectural form is
EXTENDED LINE OF THE
ROOF, often with
outward sloping gables
forming elegant
saddlebac k c urves.
• C a ses seen as pyramidal
• Grasses and palm
leaves are the most PRE-HISPANIC
 PHILIPPINE VERNAC ULAR
ARC HITEC TURE

Vernacular Structural
Element
CO NSTRUCTIO
N TECHNIQUES
• Post and lintel method
of construction
• Walls and floors do not
constitutes a parts of
the
main load-bearing
elements but may brac e
the struc ture as a whole.
• Framing system
c onsist of vertic al
studs slotted into
horizontal sills
PRE-HISPANIC
 PHILIPPINE VERNAC ULAR
ARC HITEC TURE

Vernacular Structural
Element
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
• Assembled without nails
• Tongue & grove mortise, tenon, lapped and
notched jointing system

PRE-HISPANIC
 PHILIPPINE VERNAC ULAR
ARC HITEC TURE

Vernacular Structural
Element
CO NSTRUCTIO
N TECHNIQUES
• Walls may c onsist
of matting, palm
leaves
folded round a lath
and stic hed together
(banig)
• Plaited with bamboo
• As well as wooden
boards and panels
depending on the use
and status of the
building
PRE-HISPANIC
 END
OF PHILIPPINE VERNACULAR
ARC HITEC TURE

PRE-HISPANIC
REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES

PRE-HISPANIC
 REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES

REGIONAL
HOUSES
UPLAND and LOWLAND houses have
acquired distinct architectural features
bec ause of differenc e of
environmental conditions and site
contexts

Lowland Dwellings – Open, airy

interior
Highlands – Sealed of solid planks,
having few or no windows as defense PRE-HISPANIC
 REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES

REGIONAL HOUSES
BATANES
“IVATAN
ARCHITECTURE”

PRE-HISPANIC
 REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES

REGIONAL
HOUSES BATANES
“IVATAN
ARCHITECTURE”

PRE-HISPANIC
 REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES

BATANES - “IVATAN
ARC HITEC
Ivatan IdjangTURE”
Defensive Engineering of the Early Ivatan
settlers

PRE-HISPANIC
 REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES

BATANES - “IVATAN
ARC HITEC
Ivatan IdjangTURE”
Defensive Engineering of the Early Ivatan
settlers

PRE-HISPANIC
 REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES

BATANES - “IVATAN
ARC HITEC TURE”
ABORIGINAL IVATAN - made up of
wood, bamboo and thatched

PRE-HISPANIC
 REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES

BATANES - “IVATAN
ARC HITEC TURE”
ABORIGINAL IVATAN - made up of
wood, bamboo and thatched

PRE-HISPANIC
 REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES

BATANES - “IVATAN
ARC HITEC TURE”
ABORIGINAL IVATAN - made up of
wood, bamboo and thatched

PRE-HISPANIC
 REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES

BATANES - “IVATAN
ARC HITEC
Dominican TURE”
Friars
introduced the Cal
y Canto technique

• Stone and
Mortar
Construction
• In row on the
steep
terrain of
mountain hill
slopes
PRE-HISPANIC
 REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES

BATANES - “IVATAN
ARC HITEC
Dominican TURE”
Friars
introduced the Cal
y Canto technique

• A Fireplac e was
built at one end
of the house.

PRE-HISPANIC
 REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES

BATANES - “IVATAN
ARC HITEC TURE”
IVATAN HOUSE

PRE-HISPANIC
 REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES

BATANES - “IVATAN
ARC HITEC TURE”
IVATAN HOUSE

PRE-HISPANIC
 REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES

BATANES - “IVATAN
ARC HITEC TURE”
IVATAN HOUSE

PRE-HISPANIC
 REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES

BATANES - “IVATAN
ARC HITEC TURE”
IVATAN HOUSE

PRE-HISPANIC
 REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES

BATANES - “IVATAN
ARC HITEC TURE”
IVATAN HOUSE Cogon grass
is the
main
roofing
material

• Villages loc ated on the slopes or peaks of hills

• Huts were low, partly because high struc tures easil
would toppled by the strong winds y

PRE-HISPANIC
 REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES

BATANES - “IVATAN
IVATAN HOUSE
ARC HITEC TURE”
Walls are made
of stones held
together by
FANG O, a
mortar formed
by mixing mud
and c ogon

• Batanes island did not possess enough timber resourc es

nor appropriate tools for larger c onstruc tion

PRE-HISPANIC
 REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES

BATANES - “IVATAN
ARC HITEC TURE”
IVATAN HOUSE

• PANPET- ROOF NET made of ropes fastened securely to

the ground by a strong pegs
PRE-HISPANIC
 REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES

BATANES - “IVATAN
ARC
RAKUH - HITEC
2 IVATAN
TURE” WINDOWLE
STOREY
IVATAN
HOUSE SS PART
HOUSE ORIENTED
With 2 TO
windows and THE
door built STO RMIN
on three DS
walls, while
the 4th wall
fac es the
direc tion of
the strongest
wind. • thic k stone + mortar (limestone walls)
• reed, rattan, cogon or bamboo gable or hip roofs
• strong enough to withstand typhoons and
earthquakes
• north – south orientation
• one windowless wall fac ing strong winds PRE-HISPANIC
 REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES

BATANES - “IVATAN
IVATAN
ARC HITEC TURE”
HOUSE
Classified ac c ording to roof c onfiguration
Maytuab (hip roof) & Sinadumparan (gable
roof)

PRE-HISPANIC
 REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES

BATANES - “IVATAN
IVATAN
ARC HITEC TURE”
HOUSE
Sinadumparan Building Anatomy

PRE-HISPANIC
 REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES

BATANES - “IVATAN
IVATAN
ARC HITEC TURE”
HOUSE
Sinadumparan Building Anatomy

PRE-HISPANIC
 REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES

REGIONAL
HOUSES
CO RIDILLERA
REGION

PRE-HISPANIC
 REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES

CO RDILLERA
REG ION
A cc ording to William Henry
Sc ott in his book
“of igorots and
independenc e”

• 1593 gold mine diggers

and traders to Iloc os
region
• Dominic ans evangelized
Pangasinan and Nueva
Vizc aya
• Pangasinan and some parts
of Iloc os are Igorot lowland
territories
• Failure of Evangelization PRE-HISPANIC
 REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES

CO RDILLERA
REG ION
CO RDILLERA
PEOPLE
IGOROT(Mountain chain
NORTHERN
dwellers)
STRAIN
SOUTHERN
STRAIN

PRE-HISPANIC
 REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES

CO RDILLERA
REG ION
CO RDILLERA
PEOPLE

PRE-HISPANIC
 REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES

CO RDILLERA
REG ION
CO RDILLERA
PEOPLE

PRE-HISPANIC
 REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES

CO RDILLERA
REG ION
CO RDILLERA
PEOPLE

PRE-HISPANIC
 REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES

CO RDILLERA
REG ION
CO RDILLERA
PEOPLE

PRE-HISPANIC
 REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES

CO RDILLERA
REG ION
CO RDILLERA
PEOPLE

PRE-HISPANIC
 REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES

CO RDILLERA
REG ION
END OF HEAD
HUNTERS

PRE-HISPANIC
 REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES

CO RDILLERA
REG ION
END OF HEAD
HUNTERS

PRE-HISPANIC
 REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES

CO RDILLERA
REG ION
CO RDILLERA
PEOPLE

PRE-HISPANIC
 REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES

CO RDILLERA
REG ION
CO RDILLERA
PEOPLE

PRE-HISPANIC
 REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES

CO RDILLERA
REG ION

CO RDILLERA
PEOPLE

PRE-HISPANIC
 REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
CO RDILLERA
REG ION Building Examples
C ordillera
THE NORTHERN
STRAIN

• Consists of houses made by the ISNEG & KALINGA

• Isneg With rectangular plan covered by high gabled
roof
• Kalinga having Oc tagonal plan & three divided
floorings PRE-HISPANIC
 REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
CO RDILLERA
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera
THE SOUTHERN STRAIN

• Consists of houses made by the IFUGAO, BONTOC,

IBALOI AND KANKANAY
• With Square plan covered by high gabled roof.
• Roof framing is dependent of the floor framework

PRE-HISPANIC
 REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
CO RDILLERA REG ION
C ordillera Building
Examples

THE NORTHERN
STRAIN

PRE-HISPANIC
ISNE
G
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera
ISNEG
• The Isnag people (also referred to as
the Isneg and Apayao) are an
Austronesian
ethnic group native to Apayao Province
in the Philippines' C ordillera
Administrative Region.

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera
ISNEG - BINURON
• Windowless
• Low walls & roof,
whic h keep the
inhabitant warm
• 0.9 raised above
the ground
• Distinguishes itself
from the typic al
c ordillera house by
its boat like
appearance.
• Apayao is the only
region in c ordillera
with a NAVIGABLE
RIVER
• Loc ated in
Apayao Province PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera
ISNEG - BINURON
• rectangular plan
• high gable roof
bowed to a
shape of a
boat
(BARANAY)
• roof framing
independen
t from floor
framework

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera
ISNEG - BINURON
• The largest among the most
substantially constructed houses in
the cordilleras

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera
ISNEG - BINURON
Binuron practical feature is its ROLL UP FLOOR
made from long reeds

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera
ISNEG - BINURON

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera
ISNEG - BINURON

Binuron platform
c an be converted,
to be used for
rituals, ceremonies
and meetings

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera
ISNEG - BINURON
Binuron extension struc ture is
TARAKIP

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera
ISNEG - BINURON
Binuron roof feature is the bamboo tubes are split in two,
laid in Alternating face-down-face-up arrangement in their
sides interloc king together

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera
ISNEG - ALANG
Ric e storage/
granary

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Theory
ordillera

• House as womb; Space Concept

• Basket like
• Stretc h leg-like ladder
• Comparison to the tudong or rain
cape for women
• Interior suggest as a womb
• O cc upants of most houses are
usually only the husband & wife
and perhaps
children.
• It is a symbol of fertility
PRE-HISPANIC
KALING
A
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera
KALINGA
• BINAYON the oc tagonal shaped
plan
• FORUY the square shaped plan

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera
KALINGA - BINAYON
• o ctagonal in plan
• three divided floorings, lowest in the
center

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera
KALING A -
BINAYON
• o ctagonal in plan
• three divided
floorings, lowest in
the c enter

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera
KALING A -
BINAYON
• o ctagonal in plan
• three divided
floorings, lowest in
the c enter

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera
KALING A -
BINAYON

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building
ordillera
Examples

KALINGA - BINAYON

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera
KALING A -
FORUY
• Elevated,
Rec tangular, One
room house
• Made of timber
materials
• Roof is made from 8-
10 layers of c ut
bamboo laid one
above other
• Removable wall
panel for ventilation PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera
KALING A -
FORUY

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building
ordillera
Examples

KALINGA - FORUY

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building
ordillera
Examples

KALINGA - FORUY

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building
ordillera
Examples

KALINGA

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building
ordillera
Examples

KALINGA

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building
ordillera
Examples

KALINGA

PRE-HISPANIC
 REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
CO RDILLERA REG ION
C ordillera Building
Examples

THE SOUTHERN
STRAIN

PRE-HISPANIC
BONTO
C
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera
BONTOC

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera
Ili’s 3 Basic Residential
Struc tures
• Bontoc Ili – Bontoc Village
• ATO men's meeting plac e /
council house / dormitory
for the young and old
unmarried males.
• ULOG /OLOG - Dormitory
for female. A public
struc ture where young
women of
marriageable age go to
sleep at night
• AFONG- Family Residenc e
or Bontoc House PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera
Classification of Bontoc Structures
• ATO men's meeting plac e / council house /
dormitory for the young and old unmarried
males.

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera
BONTOC -
AFUNG
• House within
a house
• Windowless
• Shelter for
people, ric e,
c hic ken, pigs
• With attic

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera
BONTOC -
AFUNG

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera
BONTOC -
AFUNG

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera
BONTOC -
AFUNG

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera
BONTOC -
AFUNG

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera
BONTOC -
AFUNG

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building
ordillera
Examples

BONTOC – Katyufong
• For the poor
• Smaller & enc losed
• Stone-walled

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building
ordillera
Examples

BONTOC – Katyufong
• Katyufong or
Kol-lob is the
residence for
widows and
unmarried old
women

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building
ordillera
Examples

BONTOC - Katyufong
For the poor

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building
ordillera
Examples

BONTOC – Fayu
• For the Ric h
• Open and
Relatively
Large
• 3.6 – 4.5
Meters
• .4m
Door
Opening
• Windowl
PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building
ordillera
Examples

BONTOC – Fayu
• For the Ric h
• Open and
Relatively
Large
• 3.6 – 4.5
Meters

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building
ordillera
Examples

BONTOC –
Akhamang
Rice Granaries

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera

BONTOC – Al-Lang
Repository of food and other
supplies

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REGCION
ordillera Building
Examples

BONTOC – Falinto-og
Pigpens

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera

BONTOC – PABAFUNAN
Open court where people gathers to
perform rituals

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building
ordillera
Examples

BONTOC

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building
ordillera
Examples

BONTOC

PRE-HISPANIC
IFUGA
O
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building
ordillera
Examples

IFUGAO
• 12 to 30 houses,
situated amid rice
terraces and often
near a spring or
grove

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REGCION
ordillera Building
Examples

IFUG AO – FALE/BALE
• Three Layer
Struc ture
• Square Plan
• Pyramidal or
c onic al roof
• Windowless
• 12-15 SQM

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REGCION
ordillera Building
Examples

IFUG AO – FALE/BALE
• Three Layer
Struc ture
• Square Plan
• Pyramidal or
c onic al roof
• Windowless
• 12-15 SQM

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REGCION
ordillera Building
Examples

IFUG AO – FALE/BALE
• Three Layer
Struc ture
• Square Plan
• Pyramidal or
c onic al roof
• Windowless
• 12-15 SQM

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REGCION
ordillera Building
Examples

IFUG AO – FALE/BALE

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REGCION
ordillera Building
Examples

IFUG AO – FALE/BALE
• Halipan – rat guard
• 1.2 to 1.8m
from ground

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building
ordillera
Examples

IFUG AO – BUL-UL
C arved granary guardians

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building
ordillera
Examples

IFUG AO – ABONG
• House for the poor

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building
ordillera
Examples

IFUG AO – FALE
• For wealthy family

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building
ordillera
Examples

IFUG AO – FALE
• For wealthy family

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building
ordillera
Examples

IFUG AO – KANYAW
• has been
popularized by
lowland brethren
whic h c ollec tively
refers to any ritual
danc ing by
indigenous peoples
of the C ordillera.
• Part parc el of the
Ifugao ritual life.
Pig and Carabao
skulls, the remains
of sac rific ial
PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building
ordillera
Examples

IFUG AO – KANYAW

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera

IFUG AO – HAG ABI

• prestige benc h of upper
c lass

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera

IFUG AO – HAG ABI

• prestige benc h of upper
c lass

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera

IFUG AO – HAG ABI

• prestige benc h of upper
c lass

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera

IFUG AO – FALE C ONSTRUC TION

• Two-year construction and c an be dismantled in a
day
• 5-6 generations

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera

IFUG AO – FALE C ONSTRUC TION

• G ateways made of vertic al sharp edges
stones

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera

IFUG AO – FALE
C ONSTRUC TION

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera

IFUG AO – FALE
C ONSTRUC TION

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera

IFUG AO – FALE
C ONSTRUC TION

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera

IFUG AO – FALE
C ONSTRUC TION

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera

IFUG AO – FALE
C ONSTRUC TION

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera

IFUG AO – FALE
C ONSTRUC TION

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera

IFUG AO – FALE
C ONSTRUC TION

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera

IFUG AO – FALE
C ONSTRUC TION

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera

IFUG AO – FALE
C ONSTRUC TION

Photo courtesy: NCCA

Subject: The Batad Ifugao House Restoration
and Conservation Initiative with
Board Res. No. 2010-367
The Batad Rice Terraces Rice Cluster Restoration
Project Board Res.
No. 2012-122

PRE-HISPANIC
KANKANAY
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera

KANKANAY
• A typical village with 700 inhabitants
• Slopes of hills or mountains are flattened so that
houses c an be built.
• Main types of dwelling
• Binangiyan – Kankanay Abode
• Apa/Inapa & Allao - dwellings for poorer
family

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera

KANKANAY -
BINANGIYAN
• Has a
resemblanc e to
Fale
• Pyramidal in form
• Box-like
co mpartment – a
single-room
dwelling with
spac ious attic
(baeg)

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera

KANKANAY -
BINANGIYAN
• Has a
resemblanc e to
Fale
• Pyramidal in form
• Box-like
co mpartment – a
single-room
dwelling with
spac ious attic
(baeg)

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera

KANKANAY -
BINANGIYAN

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building Examples
ordillera

KANKANAY – BABAYAN
BAEY

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building
ordillera
Examples

KANKANAY-
BABAYAN
BAEY

PRE-HISPANIC
CO RDILLERA REG IONAL HOUSE
TYPES
REG
C ION Building
ordillera
Examples

KANKANAY-
BABAYAN
BAEY

PRE-HISPANIC
END OF REGIONAL HOUSE
TYPES

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM
SPAC E

PRE-HISPANIC
 MUSLIM
SPAC E

ISLAM IN THE
PHILIPPINES
• The earliest evidenc e of Muslim presenc e was in
Sulu during the 14th ce ntury
• Islam was establish to the rest of Mindanao
during 15th Century

PRE-HISPANIC
PHILIPPINE MUSLIM CONCEPT OF MUSLIM
SPAC E
SPACE
• Religion C ongregational Worship
• Permanent and Separate
Arc hitec ture
• “Twahid” means Unity of Allah

PRE-HISPANIC
PHILIPPINE MUSLIM CONCEPT OF MUSLIM
SPAC E
SPACE
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE
• Five Pillars (pattern of a
quincunx)
• Arc hitec turally derived from
early Christian Churc hes
• Two Types
• Masjid
• Langgal (Tausug and Yakan) &
Ranggar (Maranao)

PRE-HISPANIC
 MUSLIM
PHILIPPINE MUSLIM CONCEPT OF SPACE SPAC E

PHILIPPINE MOSQUE
• C hinese Pagoda and
Japanese Temple Inspired

PRE-HISPANIC
 MUSLIM
PHILIPPINE MUSLIM CONCEPT OF SPACE SPAC E

PHILIPPINE MOSQUE
• Pagoda-style Mosque - used by
Muslims throughout Islamic areas
in the Philippines prior to the
importation of the Arabian-style
mosque arc hitec ture.

PRE-HISPANIC
 MUSLIM
PHILIPPINE MUSLIM CONCEPT OF SPACE SPAC E

PHILIPPINE MOSQUE
• These mosques have eight,
five, or three tiers
• Pathways to heaven..

PRE-HISPANIC
 MUSLIM
PHILIPPINE MUSLIM CONCEPT OF SPACE SPAC E

PHILIPPINE MOSQUE
• The pagoda-style mosque
building is currently an
endangered art form in the
Philippines, as most mosques are
now built in the Domed/Arabian-
style.

PRE-HISPANIC
 MUSLIM
PHILIPPINE MUSLIM CONCEPT OF SPACE SPAC E

PHILIPPINE MOSQUE
There is a dearth knowledge
regarding the evolution of
mosque typology in the
Philippines.
1. Muc h of the earliest types of
mosques c onstruc ted by early
missionaries were made of
temporary materials like wood,
bamboo, and co gon which do not
last for years
PRE-HISPANIC
PHILIPPINE MUSLIM CONCEPT OF MUSLIM
SPAC E
SPACE
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE
2. The remaining earlier types were
either demolished, destroyed during
earthquakes, or were rec onstruc ted /
remodeled to conform to modern
architectural types sourced from
Middle- Easter designs

PRE-HISPANIC
 MUSLIM
PHILIPPINE MUSLIM CONCEPT OF SPACE SPAC E

PHILIPPINE MOSQUE
3. The yearly pilgrimage to
Mecca radic ally c hanged all
earliest types

PRE-HISPANIC
PHILIPPINE MUSLIM CONCEPT OF MUSLIM
SPAC E
SPACE
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE –
FEATURES
Crescent and Star Ornament
• Information on the
origins of the symbol are
diffic ult to
confirm, but most
sourc es agree that
these anc ient
ce lestial symbols were in
use by the peoples of
C entral
Asia and Siberia in their PRE-HISPANIC
PHILIPPINE MUSLIM CONCEPT OF MUSLIM
SPAC E
SPACE
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE – FEATURES
OKIR C ARVING and BURAK (a
mythical
winged creature, half-human, half-
horse)

PRE-HISPANIC
PHILIPPINE MUSLIM CONCEPT OF MUSLIM
SPAC E
SPACE
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE
Sheik Karimol Makhdum Mosque
• Oldest mosque in the Philippines
• Barangay Tubig Indangan, Simunul,
Tawi- Tawi
• Built on 1380

PRE-HISPANIC
PHILIPPINE MUSLIM CONCEPT OF MUSLIM
SPAC E
SPACE
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE –
FEATURES
Sheik Karimol Makhdum
Mosque
• Square in Plan
• Undergone lot of
C onstruc tion

PRE-HISPANIC
PHILIPPINE MUSLIM CONCEPT OF MUSLIM
SPAC E
SPACE
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE
Masjid Al-Dahab or Golden
Mosque
• Modernized Style of Mosque
• Built on 1976
•Maranao
Okir Patterns

PRE-HISPANIC
 MUSLIM
PHILIPPINE MUSLIM CONCEPT OF SPACE SPAC E

PHILIPPINE MOSQUE - Masjid

• Place of Worship
• Bulbous Dome – vault of
heaven
• Minaret
• Ablution Area or Wudu

PRE-HISPANIC
PHILIPPINE MUSLIM CONCEPT OF MUSLIM
SPAC E
SPACE
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE - Masjid
• Large and Permanent
C onstruc tion
• Stone Foundation
• Near bodies of Water where
the faithful perform rituals of
ablution

PRE-HISPANIC
PHILIPPINE MUSLIM CONCEPT OF MUSLIM
SPAC E
SPACE
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE – Masjid
• Originally a multi-tiered
bamboo
• To ac c ommodate light and
air

PRE-HISPANIC
PHILIPPINE MUSLIM CONCEPT OF MUSLIM
SPAC E
SPACE
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE – Langgal /
Ranggar
• Smaller Plac e of Worship
• Light and Semi Permanent
• Rural Areas

PRE-HISPANIC
PHILIPPINE MUSLIM CONCEPT OF MUSLIM
SPAC E
SPACE
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE – Langgal /
Ranggar
• These are the oldest form
of mosque in the
Philippines.

PRE-HISPANIC
PHILIPPINE MUSLIM CONCEPT OF MUSLIM
SPAC E
SPACE
PHILIPPINE MOSQUE – Langgal /
Ranggar
• The langgal/ranggar-style
mosques are still being built and
used in Islamic areas in the
Philippines, especially in rural
areas.

PRE-HISPANIC
PHILIPPINE MUSLIM CONCEPT OF MUSLIM
SPAC E
SPACE
ISLAMIC PLACES OF PRAYERS
• Masjid – Daily Prayer
• Jami – Congregational Friday
Prayer
• Idgah/Musalla – Worship on
Spec ial Occasions

PRE-HISPANIC
 MUSLIM
SPAC E

MUSLIM SEC ULAR

ARC HITEC TURE

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC
FortsHITEC TUREResidence
and Royal
• Early Filipinos c onstruc ted forts or KOTA
• A fortified settlement bordered by a palisade,
whic h series of long strong timber stakes
pointed at the top and set c lose to eac h
other to form a defense wall

Mindanao
Sulu
Arc hipelago
Manila
Examples:
• Kota of Raja Sulayman
in Manila
• Kota of Sultan Kudarat
in Lamitan
PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC TURE
Mindanao and Sulu Vernacular Houses
• Distinct archipelagic features of Sulu and
the Mindanao
• Terrestrial and Naval Arc hitec ture

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC TURE
3 House Categories of Muslim C ommunity

1. Land Based Stilted Dwellings – Situated

along shoreline
2. Oceanic Dwellings – built completely over
the sea and entirely detached from
shoreline
3. Houseboats – serves as both home and
fishing boat of Badjao

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC TURE

MARANAO

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC TURE
Maranao Houses
• “People of the Lake”
• The largest
indigenous group in
Mindanao
• Three types of
Maranao House
• Lawig - Small
House
• Mala-a-walai –
Large House
• Torogan – Residenc e
of Datu and his
extended family
PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC TURE
Maranao Houses – LAWIG
• Small House
• Raised above grounds with
stilts
• Outdoor c ooking area

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC TURE
Maranao Houses – LAWIG
• Mainly used for sleeping
• Usually single family unit
dwelling

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC TURE
Maranao Houses – Mala-a-walai
• Mala–a-walai is a single room
and partitionless struc ture
• A house of a well-to-do family.

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC TURE
Maranao Houses – Mala-a-walai
• The okir dec orations are generally
to be found on the baseboards,
windowsills and doorjambs.
• without Panolong

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC TURE
Maranao Houses – TOROG AN
• House for Sultans & Datus
• arranged in a line along the
river
• Multi-family dwelling

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC TURE
Maranao Houses –
TOROG AN

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC TURE
Maranao Houses –
TOROG AN

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC TURE
Maranao Houses –
TOROG AN

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC TURE
Maranao Houses –
TOROG AN

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC TURE
Maranao Houses –
TOROG AN

Torogan structural integrity

• Post numbering to as
many as 25, 22 load
bearing 3 non-
bearings.

• To assess the strength

and Resilienc e, it is
tradition to have TWO
CARABAO
FIGHT INSIDE
THE PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC TURE
Maranao Houses –
TOROGAN

• Panolong is the
noticeable feature
of Torogan

• Ric hly c arved and

colourful end-
beam design that
flares upward into
sculptured wings

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC TURE
Maranao Houses –
TOROGAN

• Panolong is the
noticeable feature
of Torogan

• Ric hly c arved and

colourful end-
beam design that
flares upward into
sculptured wings

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC TURE
Maranao Houses – TOROG AN

Panolong
• The Naga are the Sea
Serpent/Dragon
• Pako Rabong are Growing Fern

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC TURE
Maranao Houses – TOROG AN

Panolong
• The Naga are the Sea
Serpent/Dragon
• Pako Rabong are Growing Fern

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC TURE
Maranao Houses – TOROG AN

Panolong
The Naga and Pako Rabong are
alternately plac ed on the sec tion of the
house to symbolic ally c apture the sun’s
energy

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC TURE
Maranao Houses –
TOROG AN

Interior

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC TURE
Maranao Houses –
TOROG AN

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC TURE
Maranao Houses – TOROG AN
SPECIAL
FEATURES/ORNAMENTS

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC TURE
Maranao Houses – TOROG AN
SPECIAL
FEATURES/ORNAMENTS

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC TURE
Maranao Houses – TOROG AN
SPECIAL
FEATURES/ORNAMENTS

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC TURE
Maranao Houses – TOROG AN
• Gibon/Paga – Room for Datu’s Daughter
• Lamin or tower built a top the house
hiding the sultan’s daughter

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC TURE

MAG UINDANA
O

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC TURE
Maguindanao Houses
• Close Resemblance to Maranao
Dwellings
• One Room House without partition
and ceiling

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC TURE
Maguindanao Houses
• Nine Posts
• Okir Dec orations, steep and grac eful
roofs
• Handcrafted ornaments

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC TURE

TAUSU
G

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC
Tausug TURE
Houses
• Tausug means “people of the
c urrent/taong dagat or alon”
• Sec ond largest group of Muslim Filipinos
and
Foremost indigenous people in
Sulu archipelago

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC
Tausug TURE
Houses
• Inland c ommunity are the TAU G IMBA
• Shoreline c ommunity are the TAU HIG AD
• Mangingita or Imam will c hoose the
luc kiest site

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC
Tausug TURE – BAY SINUG
Houses
• BAY SINUG – Traditional Tausug
House

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC
Tausug TURE – BAY SINUG
Houses
• BAY SINUG – TAJUK
PASUNG

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC
Tausug TURE – BAY SINUG
Houses
• Made of Nine post
symbolized the human
body.

• They believe should built it

as if a person were being
formed.

• If you don’t follow the

proper order in
assembling the posts,it
is believed that the
house will not last.

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC
Tausug TURE – BAY SINUG
Houses
• Made of Nine post
symbolized the human
body.

• They believe should built it

as if a person were being
formed.

• If you don’t follow the

proper order in
assembling the posts,it
is believed that the
house will not last.

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC
Tausug TURE – BAY
Houses
SINUG

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC
Tausug TURE – BAY
Houses
SINUG

Wall slits as
windows to
c onc eal their
unmarried
woman inside

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC
Tausug TURE – BAY
Houses
SINUG

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC
Tausug TURE – BAY
Houses
SINUG

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC TURE

YAKA
N

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC
Yakan TURE
Houses
• Yakans live in the mountainous
interior of Basilan island
• Houses individually owned and
occupied by
one family.
• Clustered around langgal

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC
Yakan TURE – LUMAH
Houses
• Lumah - Traditional
Yakan House
• Rectangular, rdiged
roofed, single room
pile struc ture of
varying size and
elevation from the
ground.
• 50-100 SQM

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC
Yakan TURE – LUMAH
Houses
• No ceilings and few or no windows
because of belief that the bad spirits
could easily in through those openings.

Often only one

TINDAWAN(windo
w) beside the long
benc h for guest

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC
Yakan TURE – LUMAH
Houses
• Walls are made in horizontally
positioned wooden planks
• Or Sawali

•Lumah can last up to

15 years

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC
Yakan TURE – LUMAH
Houses
Lumah Three Parts

• “kokan/tindakan”,main house w/ rituals

and entertainment
• “kosina”, kitchen
• “pantan/simpey”, porc h – for c lothes

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC TURE

SAMA
L

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC
Samal TURE
Houses
• Samal mix on various islands with the Tausug
who are dominant group in Jolo island but
more in Borneo

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC TURE
Samal Houses
• Pile-driven support
• Connected to the shore and linked to
one another by a catwalk

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC TURE
Samal Houses

• Silong is Boat Storage and area for

bathing
• Single level for sleeping, c ooking
and eating.

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC TURE
Samal Houses

• Silong is Boat Storage and area for

bathing
• Single level for sleeping, c ooking
and eating.

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC TURE
Samal Houses
• No partitions or
ornamentations
Open porc h or terrac e
• Pantan –Rec eiving area, working
area, hold rituals and
playground

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC TURE
Samal Houses
• Samal Community in
c oastline

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC TURE
Samal Houses

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC TURE
Samal Houses – Comfort
Room

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC TURE
Samal Houses – Comfort
Room

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC TURE

BADJAO

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC TURE

BADJAO

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC
Badjao TURE
Houses
• sea gypsies
• from Zamboanga,
Basilan, Jolo
provinc es, Tawi-
tawi, and Palawan
• Samal
Luwaan
(outcast)
• Sama Dilaut (people
of the ocean)
• Boat house use their
shelters as a
means of Travel
• Whether Nomadic or
settled PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC
Badjao TURE
Houses
• Badjao boats vary in length and
depending on the ec onomic status of
the owner

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC
Badjao TURE
Houses
• When all c hildren
have left, the old
man of the house is
expec ted to marry
again or attempt to
join another boat

• The death of the Family

head transforms the
boat into a c offin,
making a symbolic
mortuary piec e to
transport to dimension
of afterlife
PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC
Badjao TURE
Houses

BADJAO TWO TYPES

OF BOAT

1. Dapang/Vinta - Used
for short Fishing trips

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC TURE
Badjao Houses
BADJAO TWO TYPES
OF BOAT
2. Palaw - Permanent
dwelling plac e or
temporary lodging during
fishing trips.
TWO TYPES OF PALAW
Lepa - lighter and
faster houseboat
- NO KATIG
Jengning - bigger
and heavier
houseboat WITH
KATIG PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC
Badjao TURE – BOAT
Houses
HOUSE

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC
Badjao TURE – BOAT
Houses
HOUSE

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC
Badjao TURE – BOAT HOUSE -
Houses
JENG NING

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC
Badjao TURE – BOAT HOUSE -
Houses
LEPA

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC
Badjao TURE – LUMA
Houses

• “Harun” (ladder) serves as wash area

• Mirrors are believed to drive away evil
spirits

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC
Badjao TURE – LUMA
Houses

• “Harun” (ladder) serves as wash area

• Mirrors are believed to drive away evil
spirits

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC
Badjao TURE – LUMA
Houses

• “Harun” (ladder) serves as wash area

• Mirrors are believed to drive away evil
spirits

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC
T’boli TURE– GUNU BONG
Houses
• South Cotabato
• Home for the extended family ranging 8-
16 persons
• Construc ted with Bamboo Stilts 2
meters in height from the ground
• Addition post on side

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC
T’boli TURE– GUNU BONG
Houses
• South Cotabato
• Home for the extended family ranganing
8- 16 persons
• Construc ted with Bamboo Stilts 2
meters in heightfrom the ground
• Addition post on side

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC
T’boli TURE– GUNU
Houses
BONG

3 Interior Spac es
• Area of Honor
• Sleeping Area
• Vestibule

PRE-HISPANIC
MUSLIM SEC ULAR MUSLIM
SPAC E
ARC HITEC
T’boli TURE– GUNU
Houses
BONG

3 Interior Spac es
• Area of Honor
• Sleeping Area
• Vestibule

PRE-HISPANIC
END OF MUSLIM
SPAC E

PRE-HISPANIC
CONCLUSIO
N

PRE-HISPANIC
• Philippine Vernac ular Arc hitec ture
is a broad category
• M ajority are dwelling c onstruc ted
by community
• Vernacular lineage
• Granaries
• Fortification
• Worship
• Ephemeral
• Contemporary Urban shanties
• Vernac ular Building Tradition is an
Omni- present building prac tic e and
remain as an accessible idiom to the
majority of the
Filipinos PRE-HISPANIC