Basic Subsurface Flow (Steady State Condition) : Group 5
Basic Subsurface Flow (Steady State Condition) : Group 5
Basic Subsurface Flow (Steady State Condition) : Group 5
GROUP 5
GROUNDWATER, SOIL
SUBSURFACE LAYERS/ZONES
GROUNDWATER
• AQUIFERS
– Is a body of porous rock or sediment saturated with
groundwater. Groundwater enters an aquifer as precipitation
seeps through the soil.
• AQUIFER SYSTEMS
– A collection of aquifers and aquitards, which together
constitute the environment of groundwater - communicating
vessels, that are filled or can be filled with water.
4 TYPES OF AQUIFER SYSTEMS
• AQUIFER
– is a formation that contains sufficient permeable material
to yield significant quantities of water to wells and
springs.
• AQUITARD
– Poorly permeable underground layer that limits the flow
of groundwater from one aquifer to another.
• AQUICLUDE
– is a geological formation which is impermeable to the
flow of water.
• AQUIFUGE
– is an absolutely impermeable unit that will not transmit
any water
TWO CLASSIFICATIONS OF AQUIFERS
1. CONFINED AQUIFER
– is an aquifer below the land surface that is
saturated with water.
2. UNCONFINED AQUIFER
– a body of water formed from groundwater, rain
water runoff and streams with its water table, or
the upper surface, open to the atmosphere
LAW OF DARCY
LAW OF DARCY
• Darcy’s law is the equation that defines the ability of a fluid to
flow through a porous media such as rock. It relies on the
principle that the amount of flow between two points is directly
proportional to the difference in pressure between the points and
the ability of the media through which it is flowing to impede the
flow.
LAW OF DARCY
• Darcy's law is named after Henry Darcy, a 19th century French
engineer who developed an underground pressurized pipe system
to deliver water around the city of Dijon. The system, which also
provided water to the famous Dijon fountains, revolutionized city
water and sewage systems. The system required no pumps and
was driven purely by gravity. During the process of developing
the new system, Darcy conducted a series of experiments where
he tried to move water solely using gravity.
LAW OF DARCY
It is expressed as:
α
Which can be written as a derivative:
Take Note: Darcy’s Law is valid for laminar flow only. It does not
apply to turbulent flow.
LAW OF DARCY
• HYDRAULIC GRADIENT
– Is the slope of the water level
• HYDRAULIC FLUX
or
Where:
- hydraulic flux ()
– discharge ()
– area ()
LAW OF DARCY
• GROUNDWATER VELOCITY
– Before calculating the groundwater velocity, we need first to
know the porosity of transfer expressed as
• TRANSMISSIVITY
– The volume of water that would flow through the entire
thickness of the aquifer.
GROUNDWATER FLOW IN
CONFINED AQUIFER
GROUNDWATER FLOW IN CONFINED
AQUIFER
Confined aquifers are permeable rock units that are
usually deeper under the ground than unconfined
aquifers. They are overlain by relatively
impermeable rock or clay that limits groundwater
movement into, or out of, the confined aquifer.
GROUNDWATER FLOW IN CONFINED
AQUIFER
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
Q= Kb(dh/dl)*width
.
GROUND WATER FLOW IN
UNCONFINED AQUIFER
UNCONFINED
AQUIFERS
Figure 1. Ground water flow between two water bodies: Unconfined Aquifer
UNCONFINED
AQUIFERS
Integration yield,
EXAMPLE
PROBLEM
• Confined Aquifers:
Head at well = Piezometric or potentiometric surface
• Unconfined Aquifers:
Head at well = Water table
BEFORE PUMPING, WATER LEVEL OR
HEAD AT WELL
WHEN PUMPING STARTS:
By Separation of Variables
Derivation of Theim Equation from Darcy’s
Law
Derivation of Theim Equation from Darcy’s
Law
Let’s consider that two observation wells are installed in the
aquifer at distances r1 and r2 from the pumping well,
respectively with hydraulic heads h1 and h2
Transmissivity:
Hydraulic Conductivity:
Application of Thiem Equation
Finally, it is worth mentioning that drawdown changes
gradually with time and equilibrium (steady-state)
condition rarely exists under real field conditions.
Therefore, when the difference in drawdowns (s1-s2)
becomes essentially constant while both values are still
increasing, it is assumed to be quasi-steady- state
condition. Thus, the Thiem equation generally gives good
results after only a few days of pumping.
Illustrative Problem 1:
Given:
1-m diameter well
Q = 113 m3/hr
b = 30 m
h0 = 40 m
Two observation wells,
1. r1 = 15 m ; h1 = 38.2 m
2. r2 = 50 m ; h2 = 39.5 m
Find the Head (hw) and drawdown (sw) in the well:
Ans: hw = 34.5 m ; sw = 5.5 m
Illustrative Problem 2:
A well is constructed to pump water from a confined
aquifer. Two observation wells, MW1 and MW2, are
constructed at distances of 100 m and 1000 m,
respectively. Water is pumped from the pumping well at a
rate of 0.2 m3/min. At steady state, drawdown s is
observed as 2 m in MW2 and 8 m in MW1. Note that
drawdown is greater (8 m) for well MW1 located closest
to the pumping well. Determine the hydraulic
conductivity K and transmissivity T if the aquifer is 20 m
thick.
Illustrative Problem 3:
A confined aquifer is 200 ft thick. In an experiment to
determine its permeability, water is pumped from a well at
a rate of 50 gpm. The water table at a radius of 100 ft is
observed to be at a depth of 40 ft and at a radius of 200 ft
it is 30 ft. The permeability is most nearly:
Ans : 106 ft2/day
STEADY RADIAL FLOW IN
UNCONFINED AQUIFER
ASSUMPTIONS:
• THE AQUIFER IS UNCONFINED AND
UNDERLAIN BY A HORIZONTAL AQUICLUDE
WHERE,
Q = CONSTANT RATE OF PUMPING
r = RADIAL DISTANCE FROM THE CIRCULAR SECTION TO
THE PUMPING WELL
h = SATURATED THICKNESS OF THE UNCONFINED AQUIFER,
K = HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY OF THE UNCONFINED
AQUIFER
dh/dr = HYDRAULIC GRADIENT.
ASSUMPTIONS:
• THE PREVIOUS EQUATION WHEN INTEGRATED
BETWEEN THE LIMITS H=HW AT R=RW AND H=H0 AT
R=R0 YIELDS
Where:
T = Time Travelled
DT = Distance Travelled
Vs = Seepage Velocity
TRAVEL TIME OF GROUND WATER IN
CONFINED AQUIFER
• Darcys Law:
Where:
k = Hydraulic Conductivity
i = = Hydraulic Gradient
A = Cross-Sectional area of the Confined Aquifer
TRAVEL TIME OF GROUND WATER IN
CONFINED AQUIFER
• Darcys Velocity:
VD
• Seepage Velocity:
Vs
• Void Ratio :
n
TRAVEL TIME OF GROUND WATER IN
CONFINED AQUIFER
EXAMPLE PROBLEM 1
A confined aquifer has a source of recharge, the
piezometric head in the two wells 1000m apart is
55m and 50m respectively, from a common datum.
The average width of the aquifer is 5km. The
hydraulic conductivity for the aquifer is 50m/day,
and the porosity is 0.20.
a) Determine the rate of the flow through the
aquifer (Ans: 1.25 m/day)
b) Time travelled from the head of the aquifer to a
point 4km downstream.(Ans: 3200 days)
TRAVEL TIME OF GROUND WATER IN
CONFINED AQUIFER
EXAMPLE PROBLEM 2
Two Channels are 2000ft apart. The water of two
channels are 120ft and 110ft, respectively. A pervious
formation averaging 30ft thick with hydraulic
conductivity of 0.25ft/hr and porosity of n=0.25.
Determine the flow rate of seepage from the river to
the channel and the time travelled from the head of
the aquifer to 5ft downstream (ANS: 0.12 ft/day ; 42
days)
THANK YOU!
GROUP 5
Victorio, Prince Arvic
Aquino, John Lemuel
Garcia, Jeremay
Halili, Alliah
Illumin, Jessa mae
Rodriguez, Kryza Dale
Santos, Jeremay
Vinluan, Jericho