ME-220: Engineering Materials

“Because without materials, there is no engineering.”

Instructor: Najam ul Qadir Office: 270, DME Building

Scope: Provide an introduction to the science and

engineering of materials (e.g., metals, ceramics, polymers,
and semiconductors).
Objective: Develop an awareness of materials and their
properties that, as an engineer, you must rely in the future.
• To introduce basic concepts, nomenclature, and testing of materials.
• To reveal the relationships between
Processing - Structure - Properties - Performance
• To develop ideas behind materials selection and design.

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MSE 280: Introduction to Engineering Materials
“Because without materials, there is no engineering.”

• Engineering Requires Consideration of Materials

The right materials for the job - sometimes need a new one.

• We will learn about the fundamentals of

Processing  Structure  Properties  Performance

• We will learn that sometime only simple considerations of

property requirements chooses materials.

Consider in your engineering discipline what materials that

are used and why. Could they be better?

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 ME-220 Goals

• Understand the origin and relationship between

“processing, structure, properties, and performance.”

• Use “the right material for the right job”.

• Help recognize within your discipline the design

opportunities offered by “materials selection.”

While nano-, bio-, smart- materials can make technological

revolution, conservation and re-use methods and policies can
have tremendous environmental and technological impacts!
Hybrid cars in 2004 are as efficient as fuel-cell cars of tomorrow!
Considering reforming, or energy needed to produce hydrogen, or
that gasoline has much more energy density than hydrogen.
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 Motivation: Materials and Failure

Without the right material, a good engineering design is

wasted. Need the right material for the right job!

• Materials properties then are responsible for helping

achieve engineering advances.

• Failures advance understanding and material’s design.

• Some examples to introduce topics we will learn.

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 The Need for New Materials

• Civil architectures have progressed tremendously as well as more

compact building designs
• But what about the material used for construction?
• But have the more and more innovative designs been able to save
us from earthquake calamities?
• Have we been able to shift from the concrete based material we
have been using since we got independence?
• What can be the choices available?
• How about applying the above scenario to automotive body
panels?
• Have the material changes prompted been restricted due to cost
considerations?

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 The COMET: first jet passenger plane - 1954

• In 1949, the COMET aircraft was a newly designed, modern jet

aircraft for passenger travel. It had bright cabins due to large, square
windows at most seats. It was composed of light-weight aluminum.
• In early 1950's, the planes began to crash one after the other.

These tragedies changed the way aircraft were designed and the materials
that were used.

• The square windows were a "stress concentrator" and the aluminum

alloys used were not "strong" enough to withstand the stresses.
• Until then, material selection for mechanical design was not really
considered in designs.

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 World Trade Center Collapse

• Tubular constructed building.

• Well designed and strong.
• Strong but not from buckling.
• Supports lost at crash site, and the
floor supported inner and outer
tubular structures.
• Heat from burning fuel adds to loss
of structural support from softening
of steel (strength vs. T, stress-
strain behavior).
• Building “pancakes” due to
enormous buckling loads.

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 Alloying and Diffusion: Advances and Failures
• Alloying can lead to new or enhanced properties, e.g. Li, Zr added to Al
(advanced precipitation hardened 767 aircraft skin).
• It can also be a problem, e.g. Ga is a fast diffuser at Al grain boundaries and
make Al catastrophically brittle (no plastic behavior vs. strain).
• Need to know T vs. C phase diagrams for what alloying does.
• Need to know T-T-T (temp - time - transition) diagrams to know treatment.

T vs c for Ga-In
Bringing an plane out of the sky!
liquid When Ga (in liquid state) is alloyed
to Al it diffuses rapidly along grain
boundaries (more volume) making bonds
Liquid at R.T. weaker and limiting plastic response.

All these are concepts we will tackle.

T.J. Anderson and I. Ansara, J. Phase Equilibria, 12(1), 64-72 (1991).

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Alloying and Precipitation: T-vs-C and TTT diagrams
• As noted, alloying can lead to new or enhanced properties, such as advanced
precipitation hardened 767 aircraft skin.
• Controlling the size and type of precipitates requires knowledge T vs. C phase
diagrams andT-T-T diagrams to know treatment.

Impacting mechanical response

through:

Precipitates from alloying Al with

Li, Zr, Hf,…
Grain Boundaries

©Wiley, from Callister and Rethwisch, Ed. 3 Chapter 11

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 Six Major Classes of Materials
• Some of these have descriptive subclasses.
• Classes have overlap, so some materials fit into more than one class.

• Metals
• Iron and Steel
• Alloys and Superalloys (e.g. aerospace applications)
• Intermetallic Compounds (high-T structural materials)

• Ceramics
• Structural Ceramics (high-temperature load bearing)
• Refractories (corrosion-resistant, insulating)
• Whitewares (e.g. porcelains)
• Glass
• Electrical Ceramics (capacitors, insulators, transducers, etc.)
• Chemically Bonded Ceramics (e.g. cement and concrete)

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 Six Major Classes of Materials

• Polymers
• Plastics
• Liquid crystals
• Adhesives

• Electronic Materials
• Silicon and Germanium
• III-V Compounds (e.g. GaAs)
• Photonic materials (solid-state lasers, LEDs)

• Composites
• Particulate composites (small particles embedded in a different material)
• Laminate composites (golf club shafts, tennis rackets, Damaskus swords)
• Fiber reinforced composites (e.g. fiberglass)

• Biomaterials (really using previous 5, but bio-mimetic)

• Man-made proteins (cytoskeletal protein rods or “artificial bacterium”)
• Biosensors (Au-nanoparticles stabilized by encoded DNA for anthrax detection)
• Drug-delivery colloids (polymer based)

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Periodic Table of Elements
From http://64.224.111.143/handbook/periodic/

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 Properties of Materials

• An alternative to major classes, you may divide materials into

classification according to properties.

• One goal of materials engineering is to select materials with suitable

properties for a given application, so it’s a sensible approach.

• Just as for classes of materials, there is some overlap among the

properties, so the divisions are not always clearly defined

Mechanical properties     
A. Elasticity and stiffness  (recoverable stress vs. strain)    
B. Plasticity      (non-recoverable stress vs. strain)
C. Strength     
D. Brittleness or Toughness     
E. Fatigue

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 Properties of Materials

Electrical properties     
A. Electrical conductivity and resistivity

Dielectric properties   
A. Polarizability     
B. Capacitance     
C. Ferroelectric properties     
D. Piezoelectric properties     
E. Pyroelectric properties

Magnetic properties     
A. Paramagnetic properties     
B. Diamagnetic properties     
C. Ferromagnetic properties

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 Properties of Materials

Optical properties     
A. Refractive index     
B. Absorption, reflection, and transmission     
C. Birefringence (double refraction)

Corrosion properties

Deteriorative properties

Biological properties     
A. Toxicity     
B. bio-compatibility     

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 Guided by Properties: Ashby Plots
Log (Property 1) vs Log (Property 2)
Why Log(P) vs Log(P)?

What materials are toughest

against fracture?

Does density of materials play

a role?

Does this conform to your

experience?

We will use these for design!

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 Materials Science & Engineering in a
Nutshell
Performance
Materials Engineering
Designing the structure to achieve
specific properties of materials.

Structure Processing

• Processing
Properties
• Structure
Materials Science
• Properties
Investigating the relationship between
structure and properties of materials. • Performance

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 Multiple Length Scales Critical in Engineering

In Askeland and Phule’s book, from J. Allison and W. Donlon (Ford Motor Company)
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 What is Materials Science & Engineering?

• Casting • Extrusion
• Forging Processing • Calcinating
• Stamping • Sintering
Texturing, Temperature,
• Layer-by-layer growth Time, Transformations
(nanotechnology)

Properties
characterization MatSE Physical behavior
Crystal structure Response to environment
Defects
Microstructure
• Mechanical (e.g., stress-strain)
• Thermal
• Microscopy: Optical, transmission • Electrical
electron, scanning tunneling • Magnetic
• X-ray, neutron, e- diffraction • Optical
• Spectroscopy • Corrosive
• Deteriorative characteristics
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 Classes and Properties: Metals
Distinguishing features
• Atoms arranged in a regular repeating structure (crystalline - Chpt. 3)
• Relatively good strength (defined later)
• Dense
• Malleable or ductile: high plasticity (defined later)
• Resistant to fracture: tough
• Excellent conductors of electricity and heat
• Opaque to visible light
• Shiny appearance

• Thus, metals can be formed and machined easily, and are usually long-lasting materials.

• They do not react easily with other elements, however, metals such as Fe and Al do form
compounds readily (such as ores) so they must be processed to extract base metals.

• One of the main drawbacks is that metals do react with chemicals in the environment,
such as iron-oxide (rust).

• Many metals do not have high melting points, making them useless for many applications.

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 Classes and Properties: Metals

Elemental metals are in yellow

• we need to recall and use knowledge from the periodic table

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 Classes and Properties: Metals

Applications
• Electrical wiring
• Structures: buildings, bridges, etc.
• Automobiles: body, chassis, springs, engine block, etc.
• Airplanes: engine components, fuselage, landing gear assembly, etc.
• Trains: rails, engine components, body, wheels
• Machine tools: drill bits, hammers, screwdrivers, saw blades, etc.
• Shape memory materials: eye glasses
• Magnets
• Catalysts

Examples
• Pure metal elements (Cu, Fe, Zn, Ag, etc.)
• Alloys (Cu-Sn=bronze, Cu-Zn=brass, Fe-C=steel, Pb-Sn=solder, NiTinol)
• Intermetallic compounds (e.g. Ni3Al)

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 Classes and Properties: Ceramics

Distinguishing features
• Except for glasses, atoms are regularly arranged (crystalline - Chpt. 12)
• Composed of a mixture of metal and nonmetal atoms
• Lower density than most metals
• Stronger than metals
• Low resistance to fracture: low toughness or brittle
• Low ductility or malleability: low plasticity
• High melting point
• Poor conductors of electricity and heat
• Single crystals are transparent

• Where metals react readily with chemicals in the environment and have low application
temperatures in many cases, ceramics do not suffer from these drawbacks.

• Ceramics have high-resistance to environment as they are essentially metals that have
already reacted with the environment, e.g. Alumina (Al 2O3) and Silica (SiO2, Quartz).

• Ceramics are heat resistant. Ceramics form both in crystalline and non-crystalline phases
because they can be cooled rapildy from the molten state to form glassy materials.

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 Classes and Properties: Ceramics

Elemental occurring in ceramics are in blue

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 Classes and Properties: Ceramics

Applications
• Electrical insulators
• Abrasives
• Thermal insulation and coatings
• Windows, television screens, optical fibers (glass)
• Corrosion resistant applications
• Electrical devices: capacitors, varistors, transducers, etc.
• Highways and roads (concrete)
• Biocompatible coatings (fusion to bone)
• Self-lubricating bearings
• Magnetic materials (audio/video tapes, hard disks, etc.)
• Optical wave guides
• Night-vision

Examples
• Simple oxides (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO)
• Mixed-metal oxides (SrTiO3, MgAl2O4, YBa2Cu3O7-x, having vacancy defects.)
• Nitrides (Si3N4, AlN, GaN, BN, and TiN, which are used for hard coatings.)

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 Classes and Properties: Polymers

Distinguishing features
• Composed primarily of C and H (hydrocarbons)
• Low melting temperature.
• Some are crystals, many are not.
• Most are poor conductors of electricity and heat.
• Many have high plasticity.
• A few have good elasticity.
• Some are transparent, some are opaque

• Polymers are attractive because they are usually lightweight and inexpensive to make,
and usually very easy to process, either in molds, as sheets, or as coatings.

• Most are very resistant to the environment.

• They are poor conductors of heat and electricity, and tend to be easy to bend, which
makes them very useful as insulation for electrical wires. They are also

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 Classes and Properties: Polymers

Two main types of polymers are thermosets and thermoplastics.

• Thermosets are cross-linked polymers that form 3-D networks, hence are strong and rigid.

• Thermoplastics are long-chain polymers that slide easily past one another when heated,
hence, they tend to be easy to form, bend, and break.

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 Classes and Properties: Polymers

Elements that compose polymers: limited

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 Classes and Properties: Polymers

Applications and Examples

• Adhesives and glues
• Containers
• Moldable products (computer casings, telephone handsets, disposable razors)
• Clothing and upholstery material (vinyls, polyesters, nylon)
• Water-resistant coatings (latex)
• Biodegradable products (corn-starch packing “peanuts”)
• Biomaterials (organic/inorganic intefaces)
• Liquid crystals
• Low-friction materials (teflon)
• Synthetic oils and greases
• Gaskets and O-rings (rubber)
• Soaps and surfactants

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 Classes and Properties: Semiconductors

Distinguishing features
• Made primarily from metalloids
• Regular arrangement of atoms (crystals, but not, e.g., solar cell amorphous Si)
• Extremely controlled chemical purity
• Adjustable conductivity of electricity
• Opaque to visible light
• Shiny appearance
• Some have good plasticity, but others are fairly brittle
• Some have an electrical response to light

• Semiconductors define the Digitial Revolution and Information Age.

• Starting with extremely pure crystalline form, their electrical conductions can be
controlled by impurity doping (and defect).

• The result is a tiny electrical switching called a "transistor". Transistors (at present)
can be packed to about 1 billion in the size of a Lincoln Penny.

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Classes and Properties: Semiconductors

Elements occurring in semiconductors

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Classes and Properties: Semiconductors

Applications and Examples

• Computer CPUs
• Electrical components (transistors, diodes, etc.)
• Solid-state lasers
• Light-emitting diodes (LEDs)
• Flat panel displays
• Solar cells
• Radiation detectors
• Microelectromechanical devices (MEMS)
• Examples: Si, Ge, GaAs, and InSb

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 Classes and Properties: Composites

Distinguishing features
• Composed of two or more different materials (e.g., metal/ceramic,
polymer/polymer, etc.)
• Properties depend on amount and distribution of each type of material.
• Collective properties more desirable than possible with any individual material.

Applications and Examples

• Sports equipment (golf club shafts, tennis rackets, bicycle frames)
• Aerospace materials
• Thermal insulation
• Concrete
• "Smart" materials (sensing and responding)
• Brake materials

Examples
• Fiberglass (glass fibers in a polymer)
• Space shuttle heat shields (interwoven ceramic fibers)
• Paints (ceramic particles in latex)
• Tank armor (ceramic particles in metal)

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 Engineering Materials: controlling
Processing - Structure - Properties - Performance

Realistically engineering materials: Trade-off

• Properties (What do we need or want?)
• Deterioration (How long will it last?)
• Cost (What’s the biggest bang for the buck?)
• Resource depletion (How to find new reserves, develop new
environmentally-friendly materials, and increase recycling?)

How to decide what materials to use?

• Pick Application  Required Properties (mech., electrical, thermal, …)
• Properties  Required Materials (type, structure, composition)
• Material  Required Processing (changes to structure and desired shape,
via casting, annealing, joining, sintering, mechanical, …)

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 Structure, Properties & Processing
• Properties depend on structure Annealing T (F)
• Processing for structural changes

Tensile Strength (MPa)

Can you correlate structure

Ductility (%EL)
and strength and ductility?

Strength versus Structure of Brass

and changes in microstructure

Grain size (mm)

Callister: Figs. 21 c-d and 22

Annealing T (C)
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 Electrical: Resistivity of Copper
Increase resistivity of Cu
• by adding impurities
• by mechanical deformation

Fig. 19.8 Callister

Resistivity
scattering of e- by microstructure
10-8 Ohms-m scattering of e- impurities

scattering of e- by phonons

T (0C)
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Biomaterials: Self-Assembled Tubules

Potential Nanotechnology
• Self-assembled 'artificial
bacterium' comprised of charged
membranes and cytoskeletal
protein rods.

• These rigid-walled, nano-scale

capsules have potential drug
G. Wong, MatSE (UIUC) delivery applications.

Nanometers: things that span ~10–9 m

100 nm ~ 500 atom diameters

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 Thermal: Conduction of Brass
• low from ceramic oxide (structure and conduction properties)
• changes due to alloying in metals (even though same structure)

Silica (SiO2) fibres

in space shuttle tiles Brass, Cu-Zn

Conductivity (W/m-K)
Fig. 20.4 Callister

Fig. 23.18 Callister Wt % Zn

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 Optical: transmission of light

e.g., Light transmission of Alumina (Al2O3 a.k.a. sapphire).

single crystal, polycrystals (low and high porosity)

Which one is single crystal?

Why?

These reflect the effects of

processing.

Fig. 1.2 Callister

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 Deterioration and Failure

e.g., Stress, corrosive environments, embrittlement, incorrect

structures from improper alloying or heat treatments, …

USS Esso Manhattan 3/29/43

bcc Fe Fig. 6.14 Callister Fractured at entrance to NY harbor
- 200 C
Stress (MPa)

- 100 C

+ 25 C

Strain
http://www.uh.edu/liberty/photos/liberty_summary.html

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Also Precipitation: The Andromeda Galaxy

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